Az áttekintő írás a magyar kognitív pszichológia és kognitív tudomány utóbbi 30 évét mutatja be. Intézményesen sokat jelentett a ’90-es években a Soros Alapítvány támogatása az egyetemi kognitív programokban, melynek egyik következménye, hogy ma Budapesten három kognitív tanszék működik. Az intézményes fejlődés második oldala a sok szakmát érintő konferenciák (MAKOG) sorozata és a bekapcsolódás a nemzetközi kognitív oktatási programokba. Tudományos tartalmában a magyar kognitív kutatás is elmozdult a lehorgonyzatlan tiszta kognitív modellektől az idegrendszeri, fejlődési, szociális és evolúciós értelmezés irányába, részben hazai hagyományokat is folytatva. Fontosabb sikeres területei az észlelés, elsősorban a látás és hallás fejlődésének vizsgálata (Kovács, Winkler), az emlékezeti gátlás és az implicit emlékezeti rendszerek neuropszichológiai értelmezése (Racsmány, Németh), a pszicholingvisztikában a magyar mondatszerkezet és az alaktan megértési modellekbe illesztése (Pléh, Lukács, Gergely), a magyar téri nyelv fejlődési és patológiás jellemzése (Pléh, Lukács), a képes beszéd elemzése pszichopatológiai folyamatokban (Schnell), és a metaforikusság és gyakoriság neuropszichológiai szétválasztása (Forgács). A fejlődési pszicholingvisztika legfontosabb eredményei a korai tudatelmélet nyelvelsajátítási szerepével kapcsolatosak (Kovács, Téglás, Király, Forgács). Tisztázták azt is, hogy a nyelvi fejlődés zavarai Williams-szindrómában és az ún. specifikus nyelvi zavarban (Lukács, Racsmány, Ladányi) a munkaemlékezeti rendszer moduláló szerepével, illetve általános tanulási zavarokkal kapcsolatosak, különös tekintettel a procedurális rendszerek zavaraira ( Lukács, Racsmány, Ladányi). Az utóbbi érintettségét számos neurológiai nyelvi zavarban is kimutatták (Janacsek, Németh, Lukács).
The review paper surveys the last 30 years of Hungarian cognitive psychology. Institutionally, support by the Soros foundation in the 90s for the university cognitive programs had as one consequence that three departments of cognition are active in Budapest today. Another aspect of insitutional development was the series of multidisciplinary conferences in Hungary (MAKOG), and Hungarian involvement in international graduate training programs in cognitive science. In its scientific substance, Hungarian cognitive research, like elsewhere in the world, moved from unanchored pure cognitive models towards neural, developmental, social, and evolutionary interpretations, partly also influenced by Hungarian traditions. Some of the most important domains of Hungarian cognitive research are perception, especially studies on the development of vision and hearing (Kovács, Winkler), neuropsychological interpretation of memory inhibition and implicit memory systems (Racsmány, Németh). In psycholinguistics, issues of Hungarian morphology and sentence processing were integrated in models of understanding (Pléh, Lukács, Gergely), alongside with a developmental and clinical characterization of Hungarian spatial language (Pléh, Lukács). Figurative language use was extensively studied in psychopathological contexts (Schnell), and a model was developed towards a neuropsychological separation of metaphoricity and frequency issues (Forgács). The most important results of developmental psycholinguistics are related to the role of ToM in early language acquisition (Kovács, Téglás, Király, Forgács). Contrastive studies also clarified that problems with language development in Williams syndrome, and the so called SLI (Lukács, Racsmány, Ladányi) are related to the modulating role of the working memory system and to general learning disturbances, with a special regard to disorders of procedural systems (Lukács, Racsmány, Ladányi). The involvement of this later system in several neurologically conditioned language disturbances was also observed (Janacsek, Németh, Lukács).
Aczél, B ., &Pálfi ,B . (2017). Studying the role of cognitive control in reasoning: evidence for the congruency sequence effect in the ratio-bias task. Thinking & Reasoning, 23(1), 81–97.
Aczél, B .,Pálfi ,B . Szöllősi, A .,Kovács, M .,Szászi, B .,Szécsi, P . et al. (2018). Quantifying Support for the null hypothesis in psychology: an empirical investigation. Advances in Methods and Practices in Psychological Science, 1(3), 357–366.
Bánréti, Z . (1997). Sentence parsing in aphasia: grammatically judgements by Hungarian broca's aphasics. Acta Linguistica Hungarica, 44(1–2), 3–42.
Bánréti, Z .,Hoffmann, I ., &Vincze, V . (2016). Recursive Subsystems in Aphasia and Alzheimer’s Disease: Case Studies in Syntax and Theory of Mind. Frontiers in Psychology, 7(405). DOI:
Bódizs, R .,Gombos, F .,Gerván, P .,Szőcs, K .,Réthelyi, J ., &Kovács, I . (2014). Aging and sleep in Williams syndrome: Accelerated sleep deterioration and decelerated slow wave sleep decrement. Research in Developmental Disabilities, 35(12), 3226–3235.
Bódizs, R .,Kántor, S .,Szabó, G .,Szűcs, A .,Erőss, L ., &Halász, P . (2001). Rhythmic hippocampal slow oscillation characterizes REM sleep in humans. Hippocampus, 11(6), 747–753.
Csibra, G ., &Gergely, Gy . (szerk.) (2007a). Ember és kultúra: A kulturális tudás eredete és átadásának mechanizmusai. Budapest:Akadémiai.
Csibra, G ., &Gergely, G . (2007b). ‘Obsessed with goals’. Functions and mechanism of teleological interpretation of actions in humans. Acta Psychologica, 124(1), 60–78.
É. Kiss, K ., &Zétényi, T . (Eds) (2018). Linguistic and Cognitive Aspects of Quantification. New York:Springer. DOI:
Forgács, B . (2020). An Electrophysiological Abstractness Effect for Metaphorical Meaning Making. eNeuro, 7(5), 1–12.
Forgács, B .,Bohrn, I .,Baudewig, J .,Hofmann, M. J .,Pléh, Cs ., &Jacobs, A. M . (2012). Neural correlates of combinatorial semantic processing of literal and figurative noun noun compound words. Neuroimage, 63, 1432–1442.
Forgács, B .,Gervain, J .,Parise, E .,Csibra, G .,Gergely, G .,Baross, J .,et al. (2020). Electrophysiological investigation of infants’ understanding of understanding. Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience, 43, 100783.
Forgács, B .,Lukács, Á ., &Pléh, Cs . (2014). Lateralized processing of novel metaphors: disentangling figurativeness and novelty. Neuropsychologia, 56, 101–109.
Forgács, B .,Parise, E .,Csibra, G .,Gergely, G .,Jacquey, L ., &Gervain, J . (2019). Fourteen-month-old infants track the language comprehension of communicative partners. Developmental Science, 22(2), e12751.
Gábor, B ., &Lukács, Á . (2012). Early morphological productivity in Hungarian: Evidence from sentence repetition and elicited production. Journal of Child Language, 39(2), 411–442. DOI:
Gergely, Gy . (1991). Free word order and discourse interpretation. Budapest:Akadémiai.
Gergely, Gy ., &Pléh, Cs . (1994). Lexical Processing in an Agglutinative Language and the Organization of the Lexicon. Folia Linguistica, 28(1–2), 175–204.
Gerván, P .,Gombos, F ., &Kovács, I . (2012). Perceptual Learning in Williams Syndrome: Looking Beyond Averages. PLoS ONE, 7(7), e40282. DOI:
Győri, M . (2006). Autism and cognitive architecture. Domain specificity and cognitive theorizing on autism. Budapest:Akadémiai.
Győri, M .,Lukács, Á ., &Pléh, Cs . (2003). Towards the Understanding of the Neurogenesis of Social Cognition: Evidence from Impaired Populations. Journal of Cultural and Evolutionary Psychology, 2(3–4), 261–282.
Honbolygó, F .,Kóbor, A .,Hermann, P .,Kettinger, Á .,Vidnyánszky, Z .,Kovács, Gy .,et al. (2020). Expectations about word stress modulate neural activity in speech-sensitive cortical areas. Neuropsychologia, 143, 107467.
Janacsek, K .,Fiser, J ., &Németh, D . (2012). The best time to acquire new skills: age-related differences in implicit sequence learning across the human lifespan. Developmental Science, 15(4), 496–505.
Jandó, G .,Mikó-Baráth, E .,Markó, K .,Hollódy, K .,Török, B ., &Kovács, I . (2012). Early-onset binocularity in preterm infants reveals experience-dependent visual development in humans. PNAS, 109, 11049–11052.
Juhász, D .,Németh, D ., &Janacsek, K . (2019). Is there more room to improve? The lifespan trajectory of procedural learning and its relationship to the between-and within-group differences in average response times. PLoS ONE, 14(7), e0215116. DOI:
Káldi, T ., &Babarczy, A . (2018). Linguistic exhaustivity inference is context dependent. Acta Linguistica Academica, 65(4), 547–596.
Kas, B ., &Lukács, Á . (2012). Processing relative clauses by Hungarian typically developing children. Language and Cognitive Processes, 27(4), 500–538.
Keresztes, A .,Ngo, Ch. T .,Lindenberger, U .,Werkle-Bergner, M ., &Newcombe, N. S . (2018). Hippocampal Maturation Drives Memory from Generalization to Specificity. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 22(8), 676–686.
Keresztes, A .,Kaiser, D .,Kovács, G ., &Racsmány, M . (2014). Testing promotes long-term learning via stabilizing activation patterns in a large network of brain areas. Cerebral Cortex, 24(11), 3025–3035.
Kéri, S . (2003). The cognitive neuroscience of category learning. Brain Research Reviews, 43(1), 85–109.
Kéri, S . (2014). Social influence on associative learning: Double dissociation in high-functioning autism, early-stage behavioural variant frontotemporal dementia and Alzheimer's disease. Cortex, 54, 200–209.
Király, I . (2002). Az emlékezet fejlődése kisgyermekkorban: utánzás és eseményemlékezet. Budapest:Gondolat.
Kojouharova, P ., &Krajcsi, A . (2019). Two components of the Indo-Arabic numerical size effect. Acta Psychologica, 192, 163–171.
Kónya, A .,Verseghi, A ., &Rey, T . (2000). A Rey-tesztek hazai tapasztalatai. Magyar Pszichológiai Szemle, 55(4), 545–557.
Kónya, A . (szerk.) (1993). Az emlékezés ökológiai megközelítése. Budapest:Tankönyvkiadó.
Kovács, Á . (2012). Early bilingualism and theory of mind: Bilinguals' advantage in dealing with conflicting mental representations. InSiegal, M ., &Surian, L . (Eds),Access to language and cognitive development (pp.92–218). New York:Oxford University Press.
Kovács, G .,Kaiser, D .,Kaliukhovich, D. A .,Vidnyánszky, Z ., &Vogels, R . (2013). Repetition probability does not affect fMRI repetition suppression for objects. Journal of Neuroscience, 33(23), 9805–9812.
Kovács, I . (2004). Visual Integration: Development and Impairments. Budapest:Akadémiai.
Kovacs, K ., &Conway, A. R . (2016). Process overlap theory: A unified account of the general factor of intelligence. Psychological Inquiry, 27(3), 151–177.
Krajcsi, A . (2017). Numerical distance and size effects dissociate in Indo-Arabic number comparison. Psychonomic Bulletin &Review, 24(3), 927–934.
Ladányi, E ., &Lukács, Á . (2019). Word retrieval difficulties and cognitive control in specific language impairment. Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research, 62, 918–932.
Ladányi, E .,Kovács, Á. M ., &Gervain, J . (2020). How 15-month-old infants process morphologically complex forms in an agglutinative language? Infancy, 25(2), 190–204.
Larsen, S. F ., &László, J . (1990). Cultural–historical knowledge and personal experience in appreciation of literature. European Journal of Social Psychology, 20(5), 425–440.
Lukács, Á . (2005). Language Abilities in Williams Syndrome. Budapest:Akadémiai.
Lukács, Á ., &Kemény, F . (2014). Domain-General Sequence Learning Deficit in Specific Language Impairment. Neuropsychology, 28(3), 472–483.
Lukács, Á ., &Kemény, F . (2015). Development of Different Forms of Skill Learning Throughout the Lifespan. Cognitive Science, 39(2), 383–404.
Lukács, Á .,Ladányi, E .,Fazekas, K ., &Kemény, F . (2016). Executive functions and the contribution of short-term memory span in children with specific language impairment. Neuropsychology, 30(3), 296–303.
Lukács, Á ., &Pléh, Cs . (1999). Ranking of rules and exceptions in an agglutinative language: Hungarian data regarding the dual process hypothesis. Behavior and Brain Sciences, 22, 960–962.
Lukács, Á .,Pléh, Cs ., &Racsmány, M . (2007). Spatial Language in Williams Syndrome: Evidence For A Special Interaction? Journal of Child Language, 34(2), 311–343.
Lukács, Á .,Pléh, Cs ., &Racsmány, M . (2004). Language in Hungarian children with Williams syndrome. InBatike, S ., &Siegmüller, J . (Eds),Williams Syndrome across Languages (pp.187–220). Amsterdam:Benjamins.
Must, A .,Szabó, Z .,Bódi, N .,Szász, A .,Janka, Z ., &Kéri, S . (2006). Sensitivity to reward and punishment and the prefrontal cortex in major depression. Journal of Affective Disorders, 90(2–3), 209–215.
Németh, D . (2006). A nyelvi folyamatok és az emlékezeti rendszerek kapcsolata. Budapest:Akadémiai.
Németh, D .,Ivády, R. E .,Guida, A .,Miháltz, M .,Peckham, D .,Krajcsi, A .,et al. (2011). The effect of morphological complexity on short-term memory capacity. Acta Linguistica Hungarica, 58(1–2), 85–107.
Németh, D .,Dye, C. D .,Sefcsik, T .,Janacsek, K .,Turi, Zs .,Londe, Zs .,et al. (2012). Language deficits in pre-symptomatic Huntington’s disease: Evidence from Hungarian. Brain and Language, 121(3), 248–253.
Németh, D .,Janacsek, K .,Turi, Zs .,Lukács, Á .,Peckham, D .,Szanka, Sz .,et al. (2015). The Production of Nominal and Verbal Inflection in an Agglutinative Language: Evidence from Hungarian. PLoS One, 10(3):e0119003. DOI:
Osmanné Sági, J . (1982). Mi a neuropszichológia? Budapest:Magvető.
Pléh, Cs . (1998). Bevezetés a megismeréstudományba. Budapest:Typotex.
Pléh, Cs . (2010). On the importance of goals in child language: Acquisition and impairment data from Hungarian. InKail, M ., &Hickmann, M . (Eds),Language acquisition across linguistic and cognitive systems (pp.147–160). Amsterdam:Benjamins.
Pléh, Cs . (2013). A megismeréstudomány alapjai. Budapest:Typotex.
Pléh, Cs . (szerk.) (1996). Kognitív tudomány. Budapest:Osiris.
Pléh, Cs .,Csányi, V ., &Bereczkei, T . (szerk.) (2001). Lélek és evolúció. Budapest:Osiris.
Pléh, Cs .,Kovács, Gy ., &Gulyás, B . (szerk.) (2003). Kognitív idegtudomány. Budapest:Osiris.
Pléh, Cs . (2016). Analytic versus Holistic? An Analysis of Some Proposals for Cognitive East-West Differences. InGulyás, B ., &Vasbinder, J. V . (Eds). Cultural Patterns and Neurocognitive Circuits: East-West Connections (pp.71–88). Syngapore:World Scientific.
Pléh, Cs ., &Lukács, Á . (szerk.) (2014). Pszicholingvisztika. Magyar pszicholingvisztikai kézikönyv. Budapest:Akadémiai. https://mersz.hu/dokumentum/pszlingv__1
Pléh, Cs . (2006). Using Hungarian language to clarify language-thought relations in impaired populations. Hungarian Studies, 20(2), 233–244.
Pléh, Cs ., &Sinkovics, B . (2011). Word Order and Focusing Effects in the Memory Representation of Hungarian Sentences. Acta Linguistica Hungarica, 58, 120–133.
Pléh, Cs ., &Juhász, L . (1995). Processing of multimorphemic words in Hungarian. Acta Linguistica Hungarica, 43, 211–230.
Pléh, Cs .,Lukács, Á ., &Racsmány, M . (2003). Morphological patterns in Hungarian children with Williams and the rule debates. Brain and Language, 86(3), 377–383.
Pléh, Cs .,Németh, K .,Varga, D .,Fazekas, J ., &Várhelyi, K . (2013). Entropy measures and predictive recognition as mirrored in gating and lexical decision over multimorphemic Hungarian noun forms. Psihologija, 46(4), 397–420.
Pléh, Cs .,Vinkler, Zs ., &Kálmán, L . (1996). Early morphology of spatial expressions in Hungarian children: A childes study. Acta Linguistica Hungarica, 40, 129–142.
Racsmány, M ., &Conway, M. A . (2006). Episodic inhibition. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 32(1), 44–57.
Racsmány, M .,Conway, M. A ., &Demeter, G . (2010). Consolidation of episodic memories during sleep: long-term effects of retrieval practice. Psychological Science, 21(1), 80–85.
Racsmány, M .,Lukács, Á .,Pléh, C ., &Király, I . (2001). Some cognitive tools for word learning: The role of working memory and goal preference. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 24(6), 1115–1117. DOI:
Schnell, Z .,Varga, E .,Tényi, T .,Simon, M .,Hajnal, A .,Járai, R . et al. (2016). Neuropragmatics and irony processing in schizophrenia–Possible neural correlates of the meta-module of pragmatic meaning construction. Journal of Pragmatics, 92, 74–99.
Somogyi, E .,Tran, T .,Guellai, B .,Király, I ., &Esseily, R . (2020). The effect of language on prosocial behaviors in preschool children. PLoS One, 15(10), e0240028.
Surányi, B ., &Turi, G . (2018). Quantifier scope in sentence prosody? A view from production. Acta Linguistica Academica, 65(2–3), 385–416.
Szőllősi, Á .,Keresztes, A .,Conway, M. A .,Racsmány, M . (2015). A diary after dinner: How the time of event recording influences later accessibility of diary events Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 68(11), 2119–2124.
Takács, Á .,Kóbor, A .,Chezan, J .,Éltető, N .,Tárnok, Zs .,Németh, D .,et al. (2017). Is procedural memory enhanced in Tourette syndrome? Evidence from a sequence learning task. Cortex, 100, 84–94.
Topál, J .,Gergely, Gy .,Erdőhegyi, Á .,Csibra, G ., &Miklósi, Á . (2009). Differential Sensitivity to Human Communication in Dogs, Wolves, and Human Infants. Science, 325, 1269–1272.
Tóth, N .,Honbolygó, F .,Szalárdy, O .,Orosz, G .,Farkas, D ., &Winkler, I . (2020). The effects of speech processing units on auditory stream segregation and selective attention in a multi-talker (cocktail party) situation. Cortex, 130, 387–400.
Ullman, M. T .,Earle, F. S .,Walenski, M ., &Janacsek, K . (2020). The Neurocognition of Developmental Disorders of Language. Annual Review of Psychology, 71, 389–417.