The objectives of this study were to describe the parameters of dromedary camel epididymal spermatozoa collected by retrograde flushing (RF) technique and to evaluate the freezability of the collected sperm, diluted with and without the supplementation of seminal plasma (SP). Two experiments were conducted: in Experiment 1, ES were recovered within 6–8 h after castration; selected samples were diluted with a Tris-citrate egg-yolk glycerolated buffer and frozen. In Experiment 2, epididymides were stored for 24 h at 4 °C before RF and semen samples were frozen after dilution with a Tris-lactose egg-yolk glycerolated extender with and without 15% SP. In Experiment 1, eight semen samples were obtained from ten epididymides with a mean of 500 × 106 total spermatozoa recovered, per flushed epididymis. Mean post-thaw motility and progressive motility were 75 and 17%, respectively. In Experiment 2, 15 samples were collected, out of the 18 epididymides (mean number of collected spermatozoa: 700 × 106), and 13 of these samples were of excellent quality. Post-thaw parameters were not satisfactory but the supplementation of the freezing medium with 15% SP improved the progressive motility and kinematic parameters of the spermatozoa.
Abdoon, A. S., Kandil, O. M., Pizzi, F., Turri, F., Atrash, A. and Sabra, H. A. (2013): Effect of semen extender on cryopreservation and fertilization rates of dromedary camel epididymal spermatozoa. In: Seri, H. I., Eisa, M. O. and Mokhtar, R. (eds) Proceedings of the International Scientific Conference of Camel Research and Production (ISCCRP), 17–18 April 2013, Khartoum, Sudan. pp. 75–82.
Batista, M., Niño, T., Santana, M., Alamo, D., Castro, N., Reyes, R., González, .F, Cabrera, F. and Gracia, A. (2011): Influence of the preservation temperature (37, 20, 4, –196 °C) and the mixing of semen over sperm quality of Majorera bucks. Reprod. Domest. Anim. 46 ,281–288.
Bruemmer, J. E. (2006): Collection and freezing of epididymal stallion sperm. Vet. Clin. Equine 22 ,677–682.
Crichton, E. G., Pukazhenthi, B. S., Billah, M. and Skidmore, J. A. (2015): Cholesterol addition aids the cryopreservation of dromedary camel (Camelus dromedarius) spermatozoa. Theriogenology 83 ,168–174.
Desantis, S., Ventriglia, G., Zizza, S., Nicassio, M., Valentini, L., Di Summa, A. and Lacalandra, G. M. (2010): Lectin-binding sites on ejaculated stallion sperm during breeding and non-breeding periods. Theriogenology 73 ,1146–1153.
El-Badry, D. A., Scholkamy, T. H., Anwer, A. M. and Mahmoud, K. G. M. (2015): Assessment of freezability and functional integrity of dromedary camel spermatozoa harvested from caput, corpus and cauda epididymides. Alex. J. Vet. Sci. 44 ,147–158.
El-Bahrawy, K. A. (2017): The influence of caffeine supplementation and concerted utilization of enzymatic and mechanical semen liquefaction on freezability of dromedary camel spermatozoa. Int. J. Vet. Sci. Med. 5 ,121–127.
El-Wishy, A. B. (1988): Reproduction in the male dromedary camel (Camelus dromedarius): a review. Anim. Reprod. Sci. 17 ,217–241.
Fernández-Santos, M. R., Martínez-Pastor, F., Matias, D., Domínguez-Rebolledo, A. E., Esteso, M. C., Montoro, V. and Garde, J. J. (2009): Effects of long-term chilled storage of red deer epididymides on DNA integrity and motility of thawed spermatozoa. Anim. Reprod. Sci. 111 ,93–104.
Fouchécourt, S., Métayer, S., Locatelli, A., Dacheux, F. and Dacheux, J-L. (2000): Stallion epididymal fluid proteome: qualitative and quantitative characterization; secretion and dynamic changes of major proteins. Biol. Reprod. 62 ,1790–1803.
Fumuso, F. G., Giuliano, S. M., Chaves, M. G., Neild, D. M., Miragaya, M. H. and Carretero, M. I. (2019): Evaluation of the cryoprotective effect of seminal plasma on llama (Lama glama) spermatozoa. Andrologia 51, art. no. e13270.
Fumuso, F. G., Giuliano, S. M., Chaves, M. G., Neild, D. M., Miragaya, M. H., Gambarotta, M. C. and Carretero, M. I. (2018): Seminal plasma affects the survival rate and motility pattern of raw llama spermatozoa. Anim. Reprod. Sci. 192 ,99–106.
Hori, T., Atago, T., Kobayashi, M. and Kawakami, E. (2015): Influence of different methods of collection from the canine epididymides on post-thaw caudal epididymal sperm quality. J. Vet. Med. Sci. 77 ,625–630.
Kershaw-Young, C. M. and Maxwell, W. M. C. (2011): The effect of seminal plasma on alpaca sperm function. Theriogenology 76 ,1197–1206.
Khatir, H. and Anouassi, A. (2006): The first dromedary (Camelus dromedarius) offspring obtained from in vitro matured, in vitro fertilized and in vitro cultured abattoir-derived oocytes. Theriogenology 65 ,1727–1736.
López-Urueña, E., Alvarez, M., Gomes-Alves, S., Anel-López, L., Martínez-Rodríguez, C., Manrique, P., Borragan, S., Anel, L. and de Paz, P. (2015): Optimization of conditions for long-term prefreezing storage of brown bear sperm before cryopreservation. Theriogenology 84 ,1161–1171.
Lorton S. P. (2014): Evaluation of semen in the andrology laboratory. In: Chenoweth, P. J. and Lorton, P. (eds) Animal Andrology Theories and Applications, CAB International, Wallingford, UK. pp. 100–143.
Malo, C., Elwing, B., Soederstroem, L., Lundeheim, N., Morrell, J. M. and Skidmore, J. A. (2019a): Effect of different freezing rates and thawing temperatures on cryosurvival of dromedary camel spermatozoa. Theriogenology 125 ,43–48.
Malo, C., Grundin, J., Morrell, J. M. and Skidmore, J. A. (2019b): Individual male dependent improvement in post-thaw dromedary camel sperm quality after addition of catalase. Anim. Reprod. Sci. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anireprosci.2019.106168. Epub 2019 August 20.
Martins, C. F., Driessen, K., Costa, P. M., Carvalho-Neto, J. O., de Sousa, R. V., Rumpf, R. and Dode, M. N. (2009): Recovery, cryopreservation and fertilization potential of bovine spermatozoa obtained from epididymides stored at 5 °C by different periods of time. Anim. Reprod. Sci. 116 ,50–57.
Moawad, A. R., Darwish, G. M., Badr, M. R. and El-Wishy, A. B. (2011): In vitro fertilization of dromedary camel (Camelus dromedarius) oocytes with epididymal spermatozoa. Reprod. Fertil. Dev. 24 ,192–193.
Monaco, D., Fatnassi, M., Padalino, B., Aubé, L., Khorchani, T., Hammadi, M. and Lacalandra, G. M. (2015): Effects of a GnRH administration on testosterone profile, libido and semen parameters of dromedary camel bulls. Res. Vet. Sci. 102 ,212–216.
Monaco, D., Fatnassi, M., Padalino, B., Hammadi, M., Khorchani, T. and Lacalandra, G. M. (2016): Effect of α-amylase, papain, and Spermfluid® treatments on viscosity and semen parameters of dromedary camel ejaculates. Res. Vet. Sci. 105 ,5–9.
Monteiro, G. A., Guasti, P. N., Rocha, A. S., Martin, I., Sancler-Silva, Y. F. R., Dell’Aqua, C. P. F., Dell’Aqua, J. A. and Papa, F. O. (2013): Effect of storage time and temperature of equine epididymis on the viability, motion parameters, and freezability of epididymal sperm. J. Equine Vet. Sci. 33 ,169–173.
Monteiro, G. A., Papa, F. O., Zahn, F. S., Dell’ Aqua, J. A., Melo, C. M., Maziero, R. R. D., Avanzi, B. R., Alvarenga, M. A. and Guasti, P. N. (2011). Cryopreservation and fertility of ejaculated and epididymal stallion sperm. Anim. Reprod. Sci. 127, 197–201.
Morton, K. M., Evans, G. and Maxwell, W. M. C. (2010): Effect of glycerol concentration, Equex STM® supplementation and liquid storage prior to freezing on the motility and acrosome integrity of frozen-thawed epididymal alpaca (Vicugna pacos) sperm. Theriogenology 74 ,311–316.
Neuhauser, S., Dörfel, S. and Handler, J. (2015): Dose-dependent effects of homologous seminal plasma on motility and kinematic characteristics of post-thaw stallion epididymal spermatozoa. Andrology 3 ,536–543.
Neuhauser, S., Gösele, P. and Handler, J. (2018): Combined single-straw packaging of cryopreserved stallion epididymal sperm and separated homologous seminal plasma. J. Equine Vet. Sci. 71 ,57–63.
Rateb, S. A., Monaco, D., El-Bahrawy, K. A., Khalifa, M. A., Abd El-Hamid, I. S, Kamel, A. M., Accogli, G., Lacalandra, G. M. and Desantis, S. (2019): Ramifications of protease-based liquefaction of camel semen on physical, kinematic and surface glyco-pattern of cryopreserved spermatozoa. Anim. Reprod. Sci. 208 ,106–121.
Santiago-Moreno, J., Astorga, R. J., Luque, I., Coloma, M. A., Toledano-Díaz, A., Pulido-Pastor, A., Gómez-Guillamon, F., Salas-Vega, R. and López-Sebastián, A. (2009): Influence of recovery method and microbial contamination on the response to freezing-thawing in ibex (Capra pyrenaica) epididymal spermatozoa. Cryobiology 59 ,357–362.
Skidmore, J. A., Morton, K. M. and Billah, M. (2013): Artificial insemination in dromedary camels. Anim. Reprod. Sci. 136 ,178–186.
Swelum, A. A. A., Saadeldin, I. M., Ba-Awadh, H., Al-Mutary, M. G., Moumen, A. F., Alowaimer, A. N. and Abdalla, H. (2019): Efficiency of commercial egg yolk-free and egg yolk-supplemented Tris-based extenders for dromedary camel semen cryopreservation. Animals 9 ,1–15.
Tiplady, C. A., Morris, L. H.-A. and Allen, W. R. (2002): Stallion epididymal spermatozoa: Pre-freeze and post-thaw motility and viability after three treatments. Theriogenology 58 ,225–228.
Turri, F., Kandil, O. M., Abdoon, A. S., Sabra, H., El Atrash, A. and Pizzi, F. (2013). In: Conservation of Camel Genetic Resources: Epididymal Sperm Recovery. Proc. School of Oriental and African Studies (SOAS) III Camel Conference, 29–30 April 2013, London. https://www.soas.ac.uk/camelconference2013/.
Turri, F., Madeddu, M., Gliozzi, T. M., Gandini, G. and Pizzi, F. (2012): Influence of recovery methods and extenders on bull epididymal spermatozoa quality. Reprod. Domest. Anim. 47 ,712–717.
Turri, F., Madeddu, M., Gliozzi, T. M., Gandini, G. and Pizzi, F. (2014): Effect of testicles post mortem storage on goat frozen-thawed epididymal sperm quality as a tool to improve genebanking in local breeds. Animal 8 ,440–447.
Waheed, M. M., Al-Eknah, M. M. and El-Bahr, S. M. (2011): Some biochemical characteristics and preservation of epididymal camel spermatozoa (Camelus dromedarius). Theriogenology 76 ,1126–1133.
Wani, N. A. and Hong, S. (2018): Intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) of in vitro matured oocytes with stored epididymal spermatozoa in camel (Camelus dromedarius): Effect of exogenous activation on in vitro embryo development. Theriogenology 113 ,44–49.