Fungal isolations were made from leaves of tomato plants cultivated in greenhouses in an area close to La Plata, Argentina. Three different schemes of fungicide application were evaluated: high frequency preventive sprayings (Commercial Greenhouse I), low frequency preventive applications (Commercial Greenhouse II) and no fungicide spraying (Control Greenhouse). Leaves were sampled immediately after second fruit formation from three levels of the foliage: low, medium and high. Plating dilution was used to isolate fungal species. Total c.f.u. number and species composition and diversity were assessed by the plating dilution technique. Fungal populations were most abundant on leaves from lower parts of the foliage in the Control Greenhouse. Diversity varied according to fungicide application frequency and leaf position in the canopy. Higher values were recorded for lower leaves in the Control Greenhouse compared with upper leaves from Commercial Greenhouse II. Likewise position in the canopy influenced the frequency of some species. The implications for natural biological control are discussed. Key words: biodiversity, biological control, phylloplane, tomato
Fokkema, N. (1993): Opportunities and problems of control of foliar pathogens with microorganisms. Pesticides Science, 37, 411-416.
'Opportunities and problems of control of foliar pathogens with microorganisms ' () 37 Pesticides Science : 411 -416 .
Marois, J., Coleman, P. (1994): Ecological succession and biological control in the phyllosphere. Canadian Journal of Botany, 73, (Suppl 1) S76-S82.
'Ecological succession and biological control in the phyllosphere ' () 73 Canadian Journal of Botany : S76 -S82 .
Andrews, J., Kennerly, C. (1978): The effect of a pesticide program on non target epiphytic microbial populations of apple leaves. Canadian Journal of Microbiology, 24, 1058-1072.
'The effect of a pesticide program on non target epiphytic microbial populations of apple leaves ' () 24 Canadian Journal of Microbiology : 1058 -1072 .
Andrews, J. (1991): Biological control in the phyllosphere. Annual Review of Phytopathology, 30, 603-635.
'Biological control in the phyllosphere ' () 30 Annual Review of Phytopathology : 603 -635 .
Baker, R. (1991): Diversity in biological control. Crop Protection, 10, 85-94.
'Diversity in biological control ' () 10 Crop Protection : 85 -94 .
De Waard, M., Georgepoulos, S., Hollomond, D., Ishii, D., Leroux, P., Ragsdale, N., Shwinn, C. (1993): Chemical control of plant diseases: Problems and prospects. Annual Review of Phytopathology, 31, 403-421.
'Chemical control of plant diseases: Problems and prospects ' () 31 Annual Review of Phytopathology : 403 -421 .
Mónaco, C., Nico, A., Mitidieri, I., Alippi, H. (1999): Saprobic fungi inhabiting tomato phylloplane as possible antagonists of Alternaria solani. Acta Agronomica Hungarica, 47, 397-403.
'Saprobic fungi inhabiting tomato phylloplane as possible antagonists of Alternaria solani ' () 47 Acta Agronomica Hungarica : 397 -403 .
Morris, C., Rouse, D. (1991): Role of nutrients in regulating epiphytic bacterial populations. pp. 63-82. In: Windels, C., Lindow, S. (eds.), Biological Control in the Phylloplane. APS Press, Saint Paul, USA.
Biological Control in the Phylloplane , () 63 -82 .
Odum, E. (1985): Ecología. 3rd Edn. Interamericana, México DF. 405 p.
Ecología , () 405 .
Ruinen, J. (1961): The phyllosphere: An ecologically neglected milieu. Plant and Soil, 15, 81-109.
'The phyllosphere: An ecologically neglected milieu ' () 15 Plant and Soil : 81 -109 .
Suzzi, G., Romano, P., Ponti, I., Montuschi, C. (1995): Natural wine yeasts as biocontrol agents. Journal of Applied Bacteriology, 78, 304-308.
'Natural wine yeasts as biocontrol agents ' () 78 Journal of Applied Bacteriology : 304 -308 .
Blakeman, J., Fokkema, N. (1982): Potential for biological control of plant diseases on the phylloplane. Annual Review of Phytopathology, 20, 167-192.
'Potential for biological control of plant diseases on the phylloplane ' () 20 Annual Review of Phytopathology : 167 -192 .
Blakeman, J. (1985): Ecological succession of leaf surface microorganisms in relation to biological control. pp. 63-82. In: Windels, C., Lindow, S. (eds.), Biological Control in the Phylloplane. APS Press, Saint Paul, USA.
Biological Control in the Phylloplane , () 63 -82 .
Bollen, G. (1971): Resistance to benomyl and some chemically related compounds in strains of Penicillium species. Netherland Journal of Plant Pathology, 77, 187-193.
'Resistance to benomyl and some chemically related compounds in strains of Penicillium species ' () 77 Netherland Journal of Plant Pathology : 187 -193 .
Fokkema, N., Van der Meulen, F. (1976): Antagonism of yeastlike phyllosphere against Septoria nodorum on wheat leaves. Netherland Journal of Plant Pathology, 82, 13-16.
'Antagonism of yeastlike phyllosphere against Septoria nodorum on wheat leaves ' () 82 Netherland Journal of Plant Pathology : 13 -16 .
Fokkema, N., Naaj, M. (1981): The effect of fungicides on the microbial balance in the phyllosphere. EPPO Bulletin, 11, 303-310.
'The effect of fungicides on the microbial balance in the phyllosphere ' () 11 EPPO Bulletin : 303 -310 .
Cook, R., Baker, K. (1989): The Nature and Practice of Biological Control of Plant Pathogens. APS Press, Saint Paul, USA. 539 p.
The Nature and Practice of Biological Control of Plant Pathogens , () 539 .