The impact of nitrogen-fixing blue-green algal (BGA) strains, namely Anabaena variabilis, Aulosira fertilissima, Nostoc muscorum and Tolypothrix tenuis , was studied at different levels of nitrogen fertilizer on specific soil parameters such as microbial populations, pH, EC, redox potential, chlorophyll, dehydrogenase and nitrogenase activity under a rice crop. The inoculation of the soil with BGA strains resulted in higher microbial populations (BGA, bacteria, fungi and actinomycetes) and had a significant influence on redox potential. A significant increase in soil chlorophyll, dehydrogenase and nitrogenase activity was observed during crop growth due to BGA application.
Chander, K., Goyal, S., Mundra, M. C., Kapoor, K. K. (1997): Organic matter, microbial biomass and enzyme activity of soils under different crop rotations in the tropics. Biol. Fertil. Soils , 24 , 306–310.
Kapoor K. K. , 'Organic matter, microbial biomass and enzyme activity of soils under different crop rotations in the tropics ' (1997 ) 24 Biol. Fertil. Soils : 306 -310.
Coleman, A. W. (1983): The roles of resting spores and akinetes in chlorophyte survival. pp. 1–21. In: Fryxell, G. A. (ed.), Survival Strategies of the Algae . Cambridge, New York.
Coleman A. W. , '', in Survival Strategies of the Algae , (1983 ) -.
Das, S. C., Mandal, B., Mandal, L. N. (1991): Effect of growth and subsequent decomposition of blue-green algae on the transformation of iron and manganese in submerged soils. Plant Soil , 138 , 75–84.
Mandal L. N. , 'Effect of growth and subsequent decomposition of blue-green algae on the transformation of iron and manganese in submerged soils ' (1991 ) 138 Plant Soil : 75 -84.
De, P. K., Sulaiman, M. (1950): The influence of algal growth in the yield of crops. Ind. J. Agric. Sci. , 20 , 327–342.
Sulaiman M. , 'The influence of algal growth in the yield of crops ' (1950 ) 20 Ind. J. Agric. Sci. : 327 -342.
Goyal, S. K. (1993): Algal biofertilizers for vital soil and free nitrogen. Proc. Indian Natn. Sci. Acad. , B 59 (3 & 4), 295–302.
Goyal S. K. , 'Algal biofertilizers for vital soil and free nitrogen ' (1993 ) B59 Proc. Indian Natn. Sci. Acad. : 295 -302.
Harrison, W. H., Aiyer, P. A. S. (1913): The gases of swamp rice soils: Their composition and their relation to the crop. Mem. Dept. Agric. India Chem. Ser. , 3 , 65–106.
Aiyer P. A. S. , 'The gases of swamp rice soils: Their composition and their relation to the crop ' (1913 ) 3 Mem. Dept. Agric. India Chem. Ser. : 65 -106.
Ibrahim, A. N., Kamel, M., El-Sherbeny, M. (1971): Effect of inoculation with alga Tolypothrix tenuis on the yield of rice and soil nitrogen balance. Agrokémia és Talajtan , 20 , 389–400.
El-Sherbeny M. , 'Effect of inoculation with alga Tolypothrix tenuis on the yield of rice and soil nitrogen balance ' (1971 ) 20 Agrokémia és Talajtan : 389 -400.
Klein, D. A., Loh, T. C., Goulding, R. L. (1971): A rapid procedure to evaluate dehydrogenase activity of soils low in organic matter. Soil Biol. Biochem. , 3 , 385–387.
Goulding R. L. , 'A rapid procedure to evaluate dehydrogenase activity of soils low in organic matter ' (1971 ) 3 Soil Biol. Biochem. : 385 -387.
Kuster, E., Williams, S. T. (1964): Selection of media for inoculation of Streptomycetes . Nature , 202 , 928–929.
Williams S. T. , 'Selection of media for inoculation of Streptomycetes ' (1964 ) 202 Nature : 928 -929.
Lakshmanan, A., Raj, S. A., Kareem, A. (1994): Biofertilizers enhance dissolved oxygen content in water. Crop Res. , 8 , 283–286.
Kareem A. , 'Biofertilizers enhance dissolved oxygen content in water ' (1994 ) 8 Crop Res. : 283 -286.
Lee, K. K., Watanabe, I. (1977): Problems of the acetylene reduction technique applied to water-saturated paddy soils. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. , 34 , 654–660.
Watanabe I. , 'Problems of the acetylene reduction technique applied to water-saturated paddy soils ' (1977 ) 34 Appl. Environ. Microbiol. : 654 -660.
Liu, C. C. (1979): Use of Azolla in rice production in China. In: Nitrogen and Rice . IRRI, Los Banos. pp. 375–394.
Liu C. C. , '', in Nitrogen and Rice , (1979 ) -.
Mandal, B., Vlek, P. L. G., Mandal, L. N. (1999): Beneficial effects of blue-green algae and Azolla , excluding supplying nitrogen, on wetland rice fields: A review. Biol. Fertil. Soils , 28 , 329–342.
Mandal L. N. , 'Beneficial effects of blue-green algae and Azolla, excluding supplying nitrogen, on wetland rice fields: A review ' (1999 ) 28 Biol. Fertil. Soils : 329 -342.
Martin, J. P. (1950): Use of acid, rose bengal and streptomycin in the plate method for estimating soil fungi. Soil Sci. 69 , 215–232.
Martin J. P. , 'Use of acid, rose bengal and streptomycin in the plate method for estimating soil fungi ' (1950 ) 69 Soil Sci. : 215 -232.
Mekonnen, A., Prasanna, R., Koushik, B. D. (2002): Cyanobacterial nitrogen fixation in the presence of nitrogen fertilizers. Indian. J. Exp. Biol. , 40 , 854–857.
Koushik B. D. , 'Cyanobacterial nitrogen fixation in the presence of nitrogen fertilizers ' (2002 ) 40 Indian. J. Exp. Biol. : 854 -857.
Parkinson, D., Gray, T. R. G., Williams, S. T. (1971): Methods for Studying the Ecology of Soil Microorganisms . IBP Handbook, Blackwell Scientific Publications Ltd., Oxford. pp. 30–31.
Williams S. T. , '', in Methods for Studying the Ecology of Soil Microorganisms , (1971 ) -.
Ponnamperuma, F. N. (1972): The chemistry of submerged soils. Adv. Agron. , 24 , 29–96.
Ponnamperuma F. N. , 'The chemistry of submerged soils ' (1972 ) 24 Adv. Agron. : 29 -96.
Prasanna, R., Tripathi, U., Dominic, T. K., Singh, A. K., Yadav, A. K., Singh, P. K. (2003): An improvised technique for measurement of nitrogen fixation by blue-green algae and Azolla using moist soil core from rice fields. Expt. Agric. , 39 , 145–150.
Singh P. K. , 'An improvised technique for measurement of nitrogen fixation by blue-green algae and Azolla using moist soil core from rice fields ' (2003 ) 39 Expt. Agric. : 145 -150.
Quesada, A., Fernandez-Valiente, E. (1996): Relationship between abundance of N 2 -fixing cyanobacteria and environmental features of Spanish rice fields. Microbial Ecol. , 32 , 59–71.
Fernandez-Valiente E. , 'Relationship between abundance of N2-fixing cyanobacteria and environmental features of Spanish rice fields ' (1996 ) 32 Microbial Ecol. : 59 -71.
Quesada, A., Leganes, F., Fernandez-Valiente, E. (1997): Environmental factors controlling N 2 -fixation in Mediterranean rice fields. Microbial Ecol. , 34 , 39–48.
Fernandez-Valiente E. , 'Environmental factors controlling N2-fixation in Mediterranean rice fields ' (1997 ) 34 Microbial Ecol. : 39 -48.
Rao, D. L. N., Burns, R. G. (1990): The effect of surface growth of blue-green algae on the biological amelioration of alkali soils. Biol. Fertil. Soils , 11 , 306–312.
Burns R. G. , 'The effect of surface growth of blue-green algae on the biological amelioration of alkali soils ' (1990 ) 11 Biol. Fertil. Soils : 306 -312.
Reddy, P. M. (1983): Role of chromatic lights in germination of the spores of blue-green algae. Arch. Hydrobiol. , 67 , 299–304.
Reddy P. M. , 'Role of chromatic lights in germination of the spores of blue-green algae ' (1983 ) 67 Arch. Hydrobiol. : 299 -304.
Roger, P. A., Zimmerman, W. J., Lumpkin, T. A. (1993): Microbiological management of wetland rice fields. pp. 417–455. In: Baline Metting, F. Jr. (ed.), Soil Microbiological Ecology — Application in Agricultural and Ecological Management , Marcel Dekker, New York, Basel, Hong Kong.
Lumpkin T. A. , '', in Soil Microbiological Ecology — Application in Agricultural and Ecological Management , (1993 ) -.
Rogers, S. L., Burns, R. G. (1994): Changes in aggregate stability, nutrient status, indigenous microbial populations and seedling emergence following inoculation of soil with Nostoc muscorum . Biol. Fertil. Soils , 18 , 209–215.
Burns R. G. , 'Changes in aggregate stability, nutrient status, indigenous microbial populations and seedling emergence following inoculation of soil with Nostoc muscorum ' (1994 ) 18 Biol. Fertil. Soils : 209 -215.
Saha, K. C., Panigrahi, B. C., Singh, P. K. (1982): Blue-green algae or Azolla addition on the nitrogen and phosphorus availability and redox potential of a flooded rice soil. Soil Biol. Biochem. , 14 , 23–26.
Singh P. K. , 'Blue-green algae or Azolla addition on the nitrogen and phosphorus availability and redox potential of a flooded rice soil ' (1982 ) 14 Soil Biol. Biochem. : 23 -26.
Stanier, R. Y., Kunisawa, P., Mandel, M., Cohen-Bazire, G. (1971): Purification and properties of microcellular blue-green algae (order Chroococcales ). Bacteriol. Rev. , 3 , 171–205.
Cohen-Bazire G. , 'Purification and properties of microcellular blue-green algae (order Chroococcales) ' (1971 ) 3 Bacteriol. Rev. : 171 -205.
Tsujimura, S., Nakahara, H., Ishida, N. (2000): Estimation of soil algal biomass in salinized irrigation land: a comparison of culture dilution and chlorophyll a extraction methods. J. Appl. Phycol. , 12 , 1–8.
Ishida N. , 'Estimation of soil algal biomass in salinized irrigation land: a comparison of culture dilution and chlorophyll a extraction methods ' (2000 ) 12 J. Appl. Phycol. : 1 -8.
Venkataraman, G. S. (1981): Blue-green algae: A possible remedy to nitrogen scarcity. Curr. Sci. , 50 , 253–256.
Venkataraman G. S. , 'Blue-green algae: A possible remedy to nitrogen scarcity ' (1981 ) 50 Curr. Sci. : 253 -256.