We analyzed the heterogeneity of Drosophila hemocytes on the basis of the expression of cell-type specific antigens. The antigens characterize distinct subsets which partially overlap with those defined by morphological criteria. On the basis of the expression or the lack of expression of blood cell antigens the following hemocyte populations have been defined: crystal cells, plasmatocytes, lamellocytes and precursor cells. The expression of the antigens and thus the different cell types are developmentally regulated. The hemocytes are arranged in four main compartments: the circulating blood cells, the sessile tissue, the lymph glands and the posterior hematopoietic tissue. Each hemocyte compartment has a specific and characteristic composition of the various cell types. The described markers represent the first successful attempt to define hemocyte lineages by immunological markers in Drosophila and help to define morphologically, functionally, spatially and developmentally distinct subsets of hemocytes.
Asha, H., Nagy, I., Kovacs, G., Stetson, D., Ando, I., Dearolf, C. R. (2003) Analysis of Ras-induced overproliferation in Drosophila hemocytes. Genetics 163 , 203–215.
Dearolf C. R. , 'Analysis of Ras-induced overproliferation in Drosophila hemocytes ' (2003 ) 163 Genetics : 203 -215 .
Braun, A., Lemaitre, B., Lanot, R., Zachary, D., Meister, M. (1997) Drosophila immunity: analysis of larval hemocytes by P-element-mediated enhancer trap. Genetics 147 , 623–634.
Meister M. , 'Drosophila immunity: analysis of larval hemocytes by P-element-mediated enhancer trap ' (1997 ) 147 Genetics : 623 -634 .
Delpuech, J.-M., Frey, F., Carton, Y. (2005) Action of insecticides on the cellular immune reaction of Drosophila melanogaster against the parasitoid Leptopilina Boulardi . Environm. Toxicol. Chem. 15 , 2267–2271.
Carton Y. , 'Action of insecticides on the cellular immune reaction of Drosophila melanogaster against the parasitoid Leptopilina Boulardi ' (2005 ) 15 Environm. Toxicol. Chem. : 2267 -2271 .
Elrod-Erickson, M., Mishra, S., Schneider, D. (2000) Interactions between the cellular and humoral immune responses in Drosophila . Curr. Biol. 10 , 781–784.
Schneider D. , 'Interactions between the cellular and humoral immune responses in Drosophila ' (2000 ) 10 Curr. Biol. : 781 -784 .
Gillespie, J. P., Kanost, M. R., Trenczek, T. (1997) Biological mediators of insect immunity. Ann. Rev. Entomol. 42 , 611–643.
Trenczek T. , 'Biological mediators of insect immunity ' (1997 ) 42 Ann. Rev. Entomol. : 611 -643 .
Hoffmann, J. A. (1995) Innate immunity of insects. Curr. Opin. Immunol. 7 , 4–10.
Hoffmann J. A. , 'Innate immunity of insects ' (1995 ) 7 Curr. Opin. Immunol. : 4 -10 .
Hultmark, D. (1993) Immune reactions in Drosophila and other insects: a model for innate immunity. Trends Genet. 5 , 178–183.
Hultmark D. , 'Immune reactions in Drosophila and other insects: a model for innate immunity ' (1993 ) 5 Trends Genet. : 178 -183 .
Jung, S. H., Evans, C. J., Uemura, C., Banerjee, U. (2005) The Drosophila lymph gland as a developmental model of hematopoiesis. Developm. 132 , 2521–2533.
Banerjee U. , 'The Drosophila lymph gland as a developmental model of hematopoiesis ' (2005 ) 132 Developm. : 2521 -2533 .
Kiger, J. A., Natzle, J. E., Green, M. M. (2001) Hemocytes are essential for wing maturation in Drosophila melanogaster . Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 98 , 10190–10195.
Green M. M. , 'Hemocytes are essential for wing maturation in Drosophila melanogaster ' (2001 ) 98 Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. : 10190 -10195 .
Kishimoto, T. (1997) Leucocyte Typing VI, White Cell Differentiation Antigens . Oxford University Press.
Kocks, C., Cho, J. H., Nehme, N., Ulvila, J., Pearson, A. M., Meister, M., Strom, C., Conto, S. L., Hetru, C., Stuart, L. M., Stehle, T., Hoffmann, J. A., Reichhart, J. M., Ferrandon, D., Ramet, M., Ezekowitz, R. A. (2005) Eater, a transmembrane protein mediating phagocytosis of bacterial pathogens in Drosophila . Cell 123 , 335–346.
Ezekowitz R. A. , 'Eater, a transmembrane protein mediating phagocytosis of bacterial pathogens in Drosophila ' (2005 ) 123 Cell : 335 -346 .
Konrad, L., Becker, G., Schmidt, A., Kockner, T., Kaufer-Stillger, G., Dreschers, S., Edstrom, J. E., Gateff, E. (1994) Cloning, structure, cellular localization, and possible function of the tumor suppressor gene lethal(3)malignant blood neoplasm-1 of Drosophila melanogaster . Dev. Biol. 163 , 98–111.
Gateff E. , 'Cloning, structure, cellular localization, and possible function of the tumor suppressor gene lethal(3)malignant blood neoplasm-1 of Drosophila melanogaster ' (1994 ) 163 Dev. Biol. : 98 -111 .
Kohler, G., Milstein, C. (1976) Derivation of specific antibody-producing tissue culture and tumor lines by cell fusion. Eur. J. Immunol. 7 , 511–519.
Milstein C. , 'Derivation of specific antibody-producing tissue culture and tumor lines by cell fusion ' (1976 ) 7 Eur. J. Immunol. : 511 -519 .
Kurucz, E., Zettervall, C. J., Sinka, R., Vilmos, P., Pivarcsi, A., Ekengren, S., Hegedüs, Z., Andó, I., Hultmark, D. (2003) Hemese, a hemocyte-specific transmembrane protein, affects the cellular immune response in Drosophila . Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 100 , 2622–2627.
Hultmark D. , 'Hemese, a hemocyte-specific transmembrane protein, affects the cellular immune response in Drosophila ' (2003 ) 100 Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA : 2622 -2627 .
Kurucz, É., Márkus, R., Zsámboki, J., Folkl-Medzihradszky, K., Darula, Zs., Vilmos, P., Udvardy, A., Krausz, I., Lukacsovich, T., Gateff, E., Zettervall, C.-J., Hultmark, D., Andó, I. (2007) Nimrod, a putative phagocytosis receptor with EGF repeats in Drosophila plasmatocytes. Curr. Biol. 17 , 649–654.
Andó I. , 'Nimrod, a putative phagocytosis receptor with EGF repeats in Drosophila plasmatocytes ' (2007 ) 17 Curr. Biol. : 649 -654 .
Lanot, R., Zachary, D., Holder, F., Meister, M. (2001) Postembryonic hematopoiesis in Drosophila . Dev. Biol. 230 , 243–257.
Meister M. , 'Postembryonic hematopoiesis in Drosophila ' (2001 ) 230 Dev. Biol. : 243 -257 .
Lebestky, T., Chang, T., Hartenstein, V., Banerjee, U. (2000) Specification of Drosophila hematopoietic lineage by conserved transcription factors. Science 288 , 146–149.
Banerjee U. , 'Specification of Drosophila hematopoietic lineage by conserved transcription factors ' (2000 ) 288 Science : 146 -149 .
Márkus, R., Kurucz, E., Rus, F., Andó, I. (2005) Sterile wounding is a minimal and sufficient trigger for a cellular immune response in Drosophila melanogaster . Immunol. Lett. 101 , 108–111.
Andó I. , 'Sterile wounding is a minimal and sufficient trigger for a cellular immune response in Drosophila melanogaster ' (2005 ) 101 Immunol. Lett. : 108 -111 .
Mathey-Prevot, B., Perrimon, N. (1998) Mammalian and Drosophila blood: JAK of all trades? Cell. 92 , 697–700.
Perrimon N. , 'Mammalian and Drosophila blood: JAK of all trades? ' (1998 ) 92 Cell. : 697 -700 .
Meister, M., Lagueux, M. (2003) Drosophila blood cells. Cell. Microbiol. 5 , 573–580.
Lagueux M. , 'Drosophila blood cells ' (2003 ) 5 Cell. Microbiol. : 573 -580 .
Ramet, M., Pearson, A., Manfruelli, P., Li, X., Koziel, H., Gobel, V., Chung, E., Krieger, M., Ezekowitz, R. A. (2001) Drosophila scavenger receptor CI is a pattern recognition receptor for bacteria. Immunity 6 , 1027–1038.
Ezekowitz R. A. , 'Drosophila scavenger receptor CI is a pattern recognition receptor for bacteria ' (2001 ) 6 Immunity : 1027 -1038 .
Ramet, M., Manfruelli, P., Pearson, A., Mathey-Prevot, B., Ezekowitz, R. A. (2002) Functional genomic analysis of phagocytosis and identification of a Drosophila receptor for E. coli . Nature 416 , 644–648.
Ezekowitz R. A. , 'Functional genomic analysis of phagocytosis and identification of a Drosophila receptor for E. coli ' (2002 ) 416 Nature : 644 -648 .
Ritzki, T. M. (1978) Fat body. In: Ashburner, A., Wright, T. R. F. (eds) The Genetics and Biology of Drosophila , Vol 2b, Academic Press, New York. pp. 561–601.
Ritzki T. M. , '', in The Genetics and Biology of Drosophila, Vol 2b , (1978 ) -.
Rizki, R. M., Rizki, T. M. (1984) The cellular deffence system of Drosophila melanogaster . In: King, R. C., Akal, H. (eds) Insect Ultrastructure , Volume 2. New York, Plenum Publishing Corporation, pp. 579–604.
Rizki T. M. , '', in Insect Ultrastructure, Volume 2 , (1984 ) -.
Roos, E., Björklund, G., Engström, Y. (1998) In vivo regulation of tissue-specific and LPS-inducible expression of the Drosophila Cecropin genes. Insect Mol. Biol. 7 , 51–62.
Engström Y. , 'In vivo regulation of tissue-specific and LPS-inducible expression of the Drosophila Cecropin genes ' (1998 ) 7 Insect Mol. Biol. : 51 -62 .
Rus, F., Kurucz, E., Márkus, R., Sinenko, S. A., Laurinyecz, B., Pataki, C., Gausz, J., Hegedüs, Z., Udvardy, A., Hultmark, D., Andó, I. (2006) Expression pattern of Filamin-240 in Drosophila blood cells. Gene Expr. Patterns 8 , 928–934.
Andó I. , 'Expression pattern of Filamin-240 in Drosophila blood cells ' (2006 ) 8 Gene Expr. Patterns : 928 -934 .
Shrestha, R., Gateff, E. (1982) Ultrastructure and cytochemistry of the cell types in the larval hematopoietic organs and hemolymph of Drosophila melanogaster. Dev. Growth Differ. 24 , 65–82.
Gateff E. , 'Ultrastructure and cytochemistry of the cell types in the larval hematopoietic organs and hemolymph of Drosophila melanogaster ' (1982 ) 24 Dev. Growth Differ. : 65 -82 .
Sokol, N., Cooley, L. (1999) Drosophila filamin encoded by the cheerio locus is a component of ovarian ring canals. Curr. Biol. 9 , 1221–1230.
Cooley L. , 'Drosophila filamin encoded by the cheerio locus is a component of ovarian ring canals ' (1999 ) 9 Curr. Biol. : 1221 -1230 .
Vilmos, P., Kurucz, E. (1998) Insect immunity: evolutionary roots of the mammalian innate immune system. Immunol. Lett. 62 , 59–66.
Kurucz E. , 'Insect immunity: evolutionary roots of the mammalian innate immune system ' (1998 ) 62 Immunol. Lett. : 59 -66 .
Vilmos, P., Nagy, I., Kurucz, E., Hultmark, D., Gateff, E., Andó, I. (2004) A rapid rosetting method for separation of hemocyte sub-populations of Drosophila melanogaster . Dev. Comp. Immunol. 28 , 555–563.
Andó I. , 'A rapid rosetting method for separation of hemocyte sub-populations of Drosophila melanogaster ' (2004 ) 28 Dev. Comp. Immunol. : 555 -563 .
Zettervall, C. J., Anderl, I., Williams, M. J., Palmer, R., Kurucz, E., Andó, I., Hultmark, D. (2004) A directed screen for genes involved in Drosophila blood cell activation. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 101 , 14192–14197.
Hultmark D. , 'A directed screen for genes involved in Drosophila blood cell activation ' (2004 ) 101 Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA : 14192 -14197 .