The in vitro antifungal activity of different statins and the combinations of the two most effective ones (fluvastatin and rosuvastatin) with amphotericin B were investigated in this study on 6 fungal isolates representing 4 clinically important genera, namely Absidia, Rhizomucor, Rhizopus and Syncephalastrum . The antifungal effects of statins revealed substantial differences. The synthetic statins proved to be more effective than the fungal metabolites. All investigated strains proved to be sensitive to fluvastatin. Fluvastatin and rosuvastatin acted synergistically and additively with amphotericin B in inhibiting the fungal growth in clinically available concentration ranges. Results suggest that statins combined with amphotericin B have a therapeutic potential against fungal infections caused by Zygomycetes species.
Almyroudis, N. G., Sutton, D. A., Fothergill, A. W., Rinaldi, M. G., Kusne, S. (2007) In vitro susceptibilities of 217 clinical isolates of Zygomycetes to conventional and new antifungal agents. Antimicrob. Agents. Ch. 51 , 2587–2590.
Kusne S. , 'In vitro susceptibilities of 217 clinical isolates of Zygomycetes to conventional and new antifungal agents ' (2007 ) 51 Antimicrob. Agents. Ch. : 2587 -2590 .
Bellosta, S., Paoletti, R., Corsini, A. (2004) Safety of statins: Focus on clinical pharmacokinetics and drug interactions. American Heart Association, Circulation 109 , III-50–III-57, DOI: 10.1161/01.CIR.0000131519.15067.1f
Corsini A. , 'Safety of statins: Focus on clinical pharmacokinetics and drug interactions ' (2004 ) 109 American Heart Association, Circulation : III-50 -III-57 .
Buemi, M., Floccari, F., Nostro, L., Campo, S., Caccamo, C., Sturiale, A., Aloisi, C., Giacobbe, M. S., Frisina, N. (2007) Statins in the prevention of cardiovascular events in patients with renal failure. Cardiovasc. Haematol. Disord. Drug. Targets 7 , 7–13.
Frisina N. , 'Statins in the prevention of cardiovascular events in patients with renal failure ' (2007 ) 7 Cardiovasc. Haematol. Disord. Drug. Targets : 7 -13 .
Chamilos, G., Lewis, R. E., Kontoyiannis, D. P. (2006) Lovastatin has significant activity against Zygomycetes and interacts synergistically with voriconazole. Antimicrob. Agents. Ch. 50 , 96–103.
Kontoyiannis D. P. , 'Lovastatin has significant activity against Zygomycetes and interacts synergistically with voriconazole ' (2006 ) 50 Antimicrob. Agents. Ch. : 96 -103 .
Chayakulkeeree, M., Ghannoum, M. A., Perfect, J. R. (2006) Zygomycosis: the re-emerging fungal infection. Eur. J. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. Dis. 25 , 215–229.
Perfect J. R. , 'Zygomycosis: the re-emerging fungal infection ' (2006 ) 25 Eur. J. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. Dis. : 215 -229 .
Cordle, A., Koenigsknecht-Talboo, J., Wilkinson, B., Limpert, A., Landreth, G. (2005) Mechanism of statin-mediated inhibition of small G-protein function. J. Biol. Chem. 280 , 34202–34209.
Landreth G. , 'Mechanism of statin-mediated inhibition of small G-protein function ' (2005 ) 280 J. Biol. Chem. : 34202 -34209 .
Corsini, A., Bellosta, S., Baetta, R., Fumagallia, R., Paolettia, R., Berninib, F. (1999) New insights into the pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic properties of statins. Pharmacolo. Therapeut. 84 , 413–428.
Berninib F. , 'New insights into the pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic properties of statins ' (1999 ) 84 Pharmacolo. Therapeut. : 413 -428 .
Corsini, A., Bellosta, A., Davidson, H. M. (2005) Pharmacokinetic interactions between statins and fibrates. Am. J. Cardiol. 96 , 44–49.
Davidson H. M. , 'Pharmacokinetic interactions between statins and fibrates ' (2005 ) 96 Am. J. Cardiol. : 44 -49 .
Eliopoulos, G. M., Moellering, R. C. (1996) Antimicrobial combinations. In: Lorian, V. (ed.) Antibiotics in Laboratory Medicine . 4th edn. Williams and Wilkins, Baltimore, MD, pp. 330–396.
Moellering R. C. , '', in Antibiotics in Laboratory Medicine , (1996 ) -.
Galgóczy, L., Papp, T., Lukács, Gy., Leiter, É., Pócsi, I., Vágvölgyi, Cs. (2007) Interactions between statins and Penicillium chrysogenum antifungal protein (PAF) to inhibit the germination of sporangiospores of different sensitive Zygomycetes . FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 270 , 109–115.
Vágvölgyi Cs. , 'Interactions between statins and Penicillium chrysogenum antifungal protein (PAF) to inhibit the germination of sporangiospores of different sensitive Zygomycetes ' (2007 ) 270 FEMS Microbiol. Lett. : 109 -115 .
Galgóczy, L., Papp, T., Vágvölgyi, Cs. (2009) In vitro interaction between suramin and fluvastatin against clinically important Zygomycetes. Mycoses. 52 , 447–453.
Vágvölgyi Cs. , 'In vitro interaction between suramin and fluvastatin against clinically important Zygomycetes ' (2009 ) 52 Mycoses. : 447 -453 .
Gallagher, C. G., Ashley, E. S. D., Drew, R. H., Perfect, J. R. (2003) Antifungal pharmacotherapy for invasive mould infections. Expt. Opin. Pharmacother. 4 , 147–164.
Perfect J. R. , 'Antifungal pharmacotherapy for invasive mould infections ' (2003 ) 4 Expt. Opin. Pharmacother. : 147 -164 .
Ghittoni, R., Patrussi, L., Pirozzi, K., Pellegrini, M., Lazzerini, P. E., Capecchi, P. L., Pasini, F. L., Baldari, C. T. (2005) Simvastatin inhibits T cell activation by selectively impairing the function of Ras superfamily GTPases. The FASEB Journal 19 , 605–607.
Baldari C. T. , 'Simvastatin inhibits T cell activation by selectively impairing the function of Ras superfamily GTPases ' (2005 ) 19 The FASEB Journal : 605 -607 .
Groll, A. H., Giri, N., Petraitis, V., Petraitiene, R., Candelario, M., Bacher, J. S., Piscitelli, S. C, Walsh, T. J. (2000) Comparative efficacy and distribution of lipid formulations of amphotericin B in experimental Candida albicans . J. Infect. Dis. 182 , 274–282.
Walsh T. J. , 'Comparative efficacy and distribution of lipid formulations of amphotericin B in experimental Candida albicans ' (2000 ) 182 J. Infect. Dis. : 274 -282 .
Kajinami, K., Takekoshi, N., Saito, Y. (2003) Pitavastatin: Efficacy and safety profiles of a novel synthetic HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor. Cardiovasc. Drug. Rev. 21 , 199–215.
Saito Y. , 'Pitavastatin: Efficacy and safety profiles of a novel synthetic HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor ' (2003 ) 21 Cardiovasc. Drug. Rev. : 199 -215 .
Larabi, M., Pages, N., Pons, F., Appel, M., Gulik, A., Schlatter, J., Bouvet, S., Barratt, G. (2004) Study of the toxicity of a new lipid complex formulation of amphotericin B. J. Antimicrob. Chemoth. 53 , 81–88.
Barratt G. , 'Study of the toxicity of a new lipid complex formulation of amphotericin B ' (2004 ) 53 J. Antimicrob. Chemoth. : 81 -88 .
Liao, J. K. (2002) Isoprenoids as mediators of the biological effects of statins. J. Clin. Invest. 110 , 285–288.
Liao J. K. , 'Isoprenoids as mediators of the biological effects of statins ' (2002 ) 110 J. Clin. Invest. : 285 -288 .
Liao, J. K., Laufs, U. (2005) Pleiotropic effects of statins. Annu. Rev. Pharmacol. Toxicol. 45 , 89–118.
Laufs U. , 'Pleiotropic effects of statins ' (2005 ) 45 Annu. Rev. Pharmacol. Toxicol. : 89 -118 .
Lorenz, R. T., Parks, L. W. (1990) Effects of Lovastatin (Mevinolin) on sterol levels and on activity of azoles in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 34 , 1660–1665.
Parks L. W. , 'Effects of Lovastatin (Mevinolin) on sterol levels and on activity of azoles in Saccharomyces cerevisiae ' (1990 ) 34 Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. : 1660 -1665 .
Lukács, Gy., Papp, T., Nyilasi, I., Nagy, E., Vágvölgyi, Cs. (2004) Differentiation of Rhizomucor species on the basis of their different sensitivities to lovastatin. J. Clin. Microbiol. 42 , 5400–5402.
Vágvölgyi Cs. , 'Differentiation of Rhizomucor species on the basis of their different sensitivities to lovastatin ' (2004 ) 42 J. Clin. Microbiol. : 5400 -5402 .
Lukács, Gy., Papp, T., Somogyvári, F., Csernetics, Á., Nyilasi, I., Vágvölgyi, Cs. (2008) Cloning of the Rhizomucor miehei 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A reductase gene and its heterologous expression in Mucor circinelloides . Anton. Leeuw. Int. J. G. 95 , 55–64.
Vágvölgyi Cs. , 'Cloning of the Rhizomucor miehei 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A reductase gene and its heterologous expression in Mucor circinelloides ' (2008 ) 95 Anton. Leeuw. Int. J. G. : 55 -64 .
Miida, T., Hirayama, S., Nakamura, Y. (2004) Cholesterol-independent effects of statins and new therapeutic strategies: ischemic stroke and dementia. J. Atheroscler. Thromb. 11 , 253–264.
Nakamura Y. , 'Cholesterol-independent effects of statins and new therapeutic strategies: ischemic stroke and dementia ' (2004 ) 11 J. Atheroscler. Thromb. : 253 -264 .
Minassian, B., Huczko, E., Washo, T., Bonner, T., Fung-Tomc, J. (2003) In vitro activity of ravuconazole against Zygomycetes, Scedosporium and Fusarium isolates. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. 9 , 1250–1252.
Fung-Tomc J. , 'In vitro activity of ravuconazole against Zygomycetes, Scedosporium and Fusarium isolates ' (2003 ) 9 Clin. Microbiol. Infect. : 1250 -1252 .
Moreno, A. B., del Pozo, A. M., Borja, M., San Segudo, B. (2003) Activity of the antifungal protein from Aspergillus giganteus against Botrytis cinerea . Phytopathology 93 , 1344–1353.
San Segudo B. , 'Activity of the antifungal protein from Aspergillus giganteus against Botrytis cinerea ' (2003 ) 93 Phytopathology : 1344 -1353 .
National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards. Reference method for broth dilution antifungal susceptibility testing of filamentous fungi. Approved standard. (2002) NCCLS document M38-A . NCLS, Wayne, Pennsylvania, USA.
'', in NCCLS document M38-A , (2002 ) -.
Nucci, M. (2003) Emerging moulds: Fusarium , Scedosporium and Zygomycetes in transplant recipients. Curr. Opin. Infect. Dis. 16 , 607–612.
Nucci M. , 'Emerging moulds: Fusarium, Scedosporium and Zygomycetes in transplant recipients ' (2003 ) 16 Curr. Opin. Infect. Dis. : 607 -612 .
Prabhu, R. M., Patel, R. (2004) Mucormycosis and entomophthoramycosis: a review of the clinical manifestations, diagnosis and treatment. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. 10(S1) , 31–47.
Patel R. , 'Mucormycosis and entomophthoramycosis: a review of the clinical manifestations, diagnosis and treatment ' (2004 ) 10 Clin. Microbiol. Infect. : 31 -47 .
Ribes, J. A., Vanhover-Sams, C. L., Baker, D. J. (2000) Zygomycetes in human disease. Clin. Microbiol. Rev. 13 , 236–301.
Baker D. J. , 'Zygomycetes in human disease ' (2000 ) 13 Clin. Microbiol. Rev. : 236 -301 .
Rodriguez-Tudela, J. L., Arendrup, M. C., Arikan, S., Barchiesi, F., Bille, J., Chryssanthou, E., Cuenca-Estrella, M., Dannaoui, E., Denning, D. W., Donnelly, J. P., Fegeler, W., Lass-Flörl, C., Moore, C., Richardson, M., Gaustad, P., Schmalreck, A., Velegraki, A., Verweij, P. (2007) Method for the determination of broth dilution minimum inhibitory concentrations of antifungal agents for conidia forming moulds. EUCAST Discussion Document . European Committee on Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing, Basel, Switzerland.
Verweij P. , '', in EUCAST Discussion Document , (2007 ) -.
Rogers, T. R. (2008) Treatment of zygomycosis: current and new options. J. Antimicrob. Chemoth. 61(S1) , 35–39.
Rogers T. R. , 'Treatment of zygomycosis: current and new options ' (2008 ) 61 J. Antimicrob. Chemoth. : 35 -39 .
Roze, L. V., Linz. J. E. (1998) Lovastatin triggers an apoptosis-like cell death process in the fungus Mucor racemosus . Fungal. Genet. Biol. 25 , 119–133.
Linz J. E. , 'Lovastatin triggers an apoptosis-like cell death process in the fungus Mucor racemosus ' (1998 ) 25 Fungal. Genet. Biol. : 119 -133 .
Sabatelli, F., Patel, R., Mann, P. A., Mendrick, C. A., Norris, C. C., Hare, R., Loebenberg, D., Black, T. A., McNicholas, P. M. (2006) In vitro activities of posaconazole, fluconazole, itraconazole, voriconazole, and amphotericin B against a large collection of clinically important molds and yeasts. Antimicrob. Agents Ch. 50 , 2009–2015.
McNicholas P. M. , 'In vitro activities of posaconazole, fluconazole, itraconazole, voriconazole, and amphotericin B against a large collection of clinically important molds and yeasts ' (2006 ) 50 Antimicrob. Agents Ch. : 2009 -2015 .
Schachter, M. (2004) Chemical, pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties of statins: an update. Fund. Clin. Pharmacol. 19 , 117–125.
Schachter M. , 'Chemical, pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties of statins: an update ' (2004 ) 19 Fund. Clin. Pharmacol. : 117 -125 .
Sun, H.-Y., Singh, N. (2009) Antimicrobial and immunomodulatory attributes of statins: Relevance in solid-organ transplant recipients. Clin. Infect. Dis. 48 , 745–755.
Singh N. , 'Antimicrobial and immunomodulatory attributes of statins: Relevance in solid-organ transplant recipients ' (2009 ) 48 Clin. Infect. Dis. : 745 -755 .
Takó, M., Csernetics, Á. (2005) Genotypic analysis of variability in zygomycetes. Acta Biol. Hung. 56 , 345–357.
Csernetics , 'Genotypic analysis of variability in zygomycetes ' (2005 ) 56 Acta Biol. Hung. : 345 -357 .
Vazquez, J. A. (2007) Combination antifungal therapy: the new frontier. Future Microbiol. 2 , 115–139.
Vazquez J. A. , 'Combination antifungal therapy: the new frontier ' (2007 ) 2 Future Microbiol. : 115 -139 .
Vicente, M. F., Basilio, A., Cabello, A., Pelaez, F. (2003) Microbial natural products as a source of antifungals. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. 9 , 15–32.
Pelaez F. , 'Microbial natural products as a source of antifungals ' (2003 ) 9 Clin. Microbiol. Infect. : 15 -32 .
Walsh, T. J., Groll, A., Hiemenz, J., Fleming, R., Roilides, E., Anaissie, E. (2004) Infections due to emerging and uncommon medically important fungal pathogens. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. 10(S1) , 48–66.
Anaissie E. , 'Infections due to emerging and uncommon medically important fungal pathogens ' (2004 ) 10 Clin. Microbiol. Infect. : 48 -66 .