The objective of this study was to vary the mineral composition of the culture medium of Prosopis farcta seedlings per addition of Na+ and Ca++ ions with the aim to identify the culture media which support the growth and/or the expression of the in vitro plant organogenesis. The Na+ and Ca++ ions were added in the culture medium in various concentrations by taking the Gamborg medium, in which macroelements were diluted 10 times, as the basic one. After two months of culture, parameters relating to the vegetative development of plant seedlings and to the various expressions of organogenesis were measured. Weak concentrations in sodium and calcium ions as well as a weak concentration in Ca++ (0.1 mM) with 50 mM in Na+ support the best vegetative development of the plantlets. The most important percentage of plant seedlings presenting a bud initiation was obtained on a medium containing 0.1 mM of Na+ and 50 mM of Ca++. Our study defined several media likely to support in vitro development of Prosopis farcta plantlets allowing the selection of salt tolerant plants or cellular lines. Some other media were chosen for improving micropropagation of the species without adding growth substances.
Awada, S., Campbell, W. F., Dudley, L. M., Jurinak, J. J., Khan, M. A. (1995) Interactive effects of sodium-chloride, sodium-sulfate, calcium-sulfate, calcium-chloride on snapbean growth, photosynthesis, ion uptake. J. Plant Nutr. 18, 889–900.
Khan M. A. , 'Interactive effects of sodium-chloride, sodium-sulfate, calcium-sulfate, calcium-chloride on snapbean growth, photosynthesis, ion uptake ' (1995 ) 18 J. Plant Nutr. : 889 -900 .
Benrebiha, F., Pourrat, Y., Dutuit, P. (1992) Induction de la callogenèse chez l’Atriplex halimus sur des milieux de culture dépourvus d’hormones de croissance. Rôle des éléments minéraux. B. Soc. Bot. Fr. 139, 219–222.
Dutuit P. , 'Induction de la callogenèse chez l’Atriplex halimus sur des milieux de culture dépourvus d’hormones de croissance. Rôle des éléments minéraux ' (1992 ) 139 B. Soc. Bot. Fr. : 219 -222 .
Buendía-González, L., Orozco-Villafuerte, J., Cruz-Sosa, F., Chávez, Á., Vernon-Carter, E. J. (2007) Clonal propagation of mesquite tree (Prosopis laevigata Humb. & Bonpl. ex Willd. M. C. Johnston) via cotyledonary nodes. In Vitro Cell. Dev.-Pl. 43, 260–266.
Vernon-Carter E. J. , 'Clonal propagation of mesquite tree (Prosopis laevigata Humb. & Bonpl. ex Willd. M. C. Johnston) via cotyledonary nodes ' (2007 ) 43 In Vitro Cell. Dev.-Pl. : 260 -266 .
Burkart, A. (1976) A monography of the genus Prosopis (Leguminosae Subfam. Mimosoideae). J. Arnold Arboretum 57, 219–249, 450–525.
Burkart A. , 'A monography of the genus Prosopis (Leguminosae Subfam. Mimosoideae) ' (1976 ) 57 J. Arnold Arboretum : 219 -249 .
Caro, L. A., Polci, P. A., Lindstrom, L. I., Echenique, C. V., Hernandez, L. F. (2002) Micropropagation of Prosopis chilensis (Mol.) Stuntz from young and mature plants. Biocell 26, 25–33.
Hernandez L. F. , 'Micropropagation of Prosopis chilensis (Mol.) Stuntz from young and mature plants ' (2002 ) 26 Biocell : 25 -33 .
Chaieb, M. (1992) Biologie et comportement écologique du Prosopis stephaniana (M.B.) Kunth. à la limite Ouest de son aire de répartition (cas du site de Gabès). Forêt méditerranéenne 13, 85–90.
Chaieb M. , 'Biologie et comportement écologique du Prosopis stephaniana (M.B.) Kunth. à la limite Ouest de son aire de répartition (cas du site de Gabès) ' (1992 ) 13 Forêt méditerranéenne : 85 -90 .
Cottin, R. (1988) La taxonomie numérique, application aux agrumes. Fruits 43, 721–733.
Cottin R. , 'La taxonomie numérique, application aux agrumes ' (1988 ) 43 Fruits : 721 -733 .
Cramer, G. R., Epstein, E., Läuchli, A. (1990) Effects of sodium, potassium and calcium on salt-stressed barley. 1 Growth analysis. Plant Physiol. 80, 83–88.
Läuchli A. , 'Effects of sodium, potassium and calcium on salt-stressed barley. 1 Growth analysis ' (1990 ) 80 Plant Physiol : 83 -88 .
Cramer, G. R. (2002) Sodium-calcium interactions under salinity stress. In: Läuchli, M., Lüttge, U. (eds) Salinity-Environment-Plants-Molecules. Kluwer Academic Publishers, London. pp. 205–228.
Cramer G. R. , '', in Salinity-Environment-Plants-Molecules , (2002 ) -.
Crisci, J. V., Lopez Armengol, M. F. (1983) Introduccion a la teoria y practica de la taxonomia numerica. Monografia nro. 26, Serie de Biologia, Programa de Monografias Cientificas. Organizacion de los Estados Americanos (ed.), Washington, D.C.
F.A.O. (1985) The current state of knowledge on Prosopis tamarugo. Habit, M. A. (ed.), Tarapaca University, National Forestry Corporation, Arica, Chile.
'', in The current state of knowledge on Prosopis tamarugo , (1985 ) -.
Felker, P., Cannell, G. H., Clark, P. R. (1981) Variation in growth among 13 Prosopis (Mesquite) species. Exp. Agr. 17, 209–218.
Clark P. R. , 'Variation in growth among 13 Prosopis (Mesquite) species ' (1981 ) 17 Exp. Agr. : 209 -218 .
Felker, P., Clark, P. R., Laag, A. E., Pratt, P. F. (1981) Salinity tolerance of the tree legumes: Mesquite (Prosopis glandulosa var. torreyana, P. velutina, and P. articulata) Algarrobo (P. Chilensis), kiawe (P. pallida) and Tamarugo (P. tamarugo) grown in sand culture on nitrogen-free media. Plant and Soil 61, 311–317.
Pratt P. F. , 'Salinity tolerance of the tree legumes: Mesquite (Prosopis glandulosa var. torreyana, P. velutina, and P. articulata) Algarrobo (P. Chilensis), kiawe (P. pallida) and Tamarugo (P. tamarugo) grown in sand culture on nitrogen-free media ' (1981 ) 61 Plant and Soil : 311 -317 .
Flowers, T. J., Troke, P. F., Yeo, A. R. (1977) The mechanism of salt tolerance in halophytes. Plant Physiol. 28, 89–121.
Yeo A. R. , 'The mechanism of salt tolerance in halophytes ' (1977 ) 28 Plant Physiol. : 89 -121 .
Gamborg, O. (1970) The effects of amino acids and ammonium on the growth plant cells in suspension culture. Plant Physiol. 45, 372–375.
Gamborg O. , 'The effects of amino acids and ammonium on the growth plant cells in suspension culture ' (1970 ) 45 Plant Physiol. : 372 -375 .
Gautheret, R. J. (1959) La culture des tissus végétaux. Techniques et réalisations. Masson, Paris.
Gautheret R. J. , '', in La culture des tissus végétaux. Techniques et réalisations , (1959 ) -.
Harzallah-Skhiri, F. (2003) Le Prosopis en Tunisie: diversité biologique aptitudes, morphogénétiques et adaptations aux conditions édapho-climatiques, Thèse de Doctorat d’Etat, Faculté des Sciences de Tunis, Tunisie.
Harzallah-Skhiri F. , '', in Le Prosopis en Tunisie: diversité biologique aptitudes, morphogénétiques et adaptations aux conditions édapho-climatiques , (2003 ) -.
Harzallah-Skhiri, F., Ben Ouada, H., Bouzid, S., Dutuit, P. (2004) Diversité morphologique des populations à base de Prosopis, identification et évaluation de ces ressources génétiques. In: Ferchichi, A. (comp.) Réhabilitation des pâturages et des parcours en milieux méditerranéens. Réunion du Sous-Réseau Ressources Fourragères Méditerranéennes du Réseau Coopératif Interrégional FAO -CIHEAM de Recherche et Développement sur les Pâturages et les Cultures Fourragères, 2002/10/29-2002/11/01, Djerba (Tunisie).
Hu, Y., Schmidhalter, U. (2005) Drought and salinity: A comparison of their effects on mineral nutrition of plants. J. Plant Nutr. Soil Sci. 168, 541–549.
Schmidhalter U. , 'Drought and salinity: A comparison of their effects on mineral nutrition of plants ' (2005 ) 168 J. Plant Nutr. Soil Sci. : 541 -549 .
Kumar, S., Singh, N. (2009) Micropropagation of Prosopis Cineraria (L.) Druce. A Multipurpose Desert Tree. Researcher 1, 3.
Singh N. , 'Micropropagation of Prosopis Cineraria (L.) Druce. A Multipurpose Desert Tree ' (2009 ) 1 Researcher : 3 -.
Marschner, H. (1995) Mineral Nutrition of Higher Plants. 2nd ed., Academic Press Inc., San Diego.
Marschner H. , '', in Mineral Nutrition of Higher Plants , (1995 ) -.
Molina Cano, J. L. (1977) Introduccion a la taxonomia numerica. Monografias de la Escuela Tecnica superior de Ingenieros Agronomos de Madrid 80.
Murashige, T., Skoog, F. (1962) A revised medium for rapid growth and bioassays with tobacco tissue culture. Physiol. Plant. 15, 473–497.
Skoog F. , 'A revised medium for rapid growth and bioassays with tobacco tissue culture ' (1962 ) 15 Physiol. Plant. : 473 -497 .
Mwangi, E., Swallow, B. (2005) Invasion of Prosopis and local livelihoods: Case study from the lake Baringo area of Kenya. ICRAF Working Paper — no. 3, Nairobi, World Agroforestry Centre.
Swallow B. , '', in ICRAF Working Paper — no. 3 , (2005 ) -.
Pasiecznik, N. M., Felker, P., Harris, P. J. C., Harsh, L. N., Cruz, G., Tewari, J. C., Cadoret, K., Maldonado, L. J. (2001) The Prosopis juliflora — Prosopis pallida Complex: A Monograph. HDRA, Coventry, UK. http://hdra.org.uk/international_programme/ip_publications.htm
Maldonado L. J. , '', in The Prosopis juliflora — Prosopis pallida Complex: A Monograph , (2001 ) -.
Pottier-Alapetite, G. (1979) Flore de la Tunisie Angiospermes-Dicotylédones, Apétales-Dialypétales. Publications Scientifiques tunisiennes 293.
Pourrat, Y., Dutuit, P. (1993) Effects of the sodium and calcium concentration on the in vitro growth of Atriplex halimus L. plantlets. J. Plant Nutr. 16, 1417–1429.
Dutuit P. , 'Effects of the sodium and calcium concentration on the in vitro growth of Atriplex halimus L. plantlets ' (1993 ) 16 J. Plant Nutr. : 1417 -1429 .
Serrato-Valenti, G., Melone, L., Orsi, O., Riveros, F. (1992) Anatomical changes in Prosopis cineraria (L.) Druce seedlings growing at different levels of NaCl salinity. Ann. Bot. London 70, 399–404.
Riveros F. , 'Anatomical changes in Prosopis cineraria (L.) Druce seedlings growing at different levels of NaCl salinity ' (1992 ) 70 Ann. Bot. London : 399 -404 .
Zaafouri, M. S., Chaieb, M. (1999) Arbres et arbustes de la Tunisie méridionale menacés de disparition (= T hreatened trees and shrubs of the Southern Tunisia). Acta Bot. Gallica 146, 361–373.
Chaieb M. , 'Arbres et arbustes de la Tunisie méridionale menacés de disparition (= T hreatened trees and shrubs of the Southern Tunisia) ' (1999 ) 146 Acta Bot. Gallica : 361 -373 .