The plant hormone ethylene or the gaseous signalling molecule nitric oxide (NO) may enhance salt stress tolerance by maintaining ion homeostasis, first of all K+/Na+ ratio of tissues. Ethylene and NO accumulation increased in the root apices and suspension culture cells of tomato at sublethal salt stress caused by 100 mM NaCl, however, the induction phase of programmed cell death (PCD) was different at lethal salt concentration. The production of ethylene by root apices and the accumulation of NO in the cells of suspension culture did not increase during the initiation of PCD after 250 mM NaCl treatment. Moreover, cells in suspension culture accumulated higher amount of reactive oxygen species which, along with NO deficiency contributed to cell death induction. The absence of ethylene in the apical root segments and the absence of NO accumulation in the cell suspension resulted in similar ion disequilibrium, namely K+/Na+ ratio of 1.41 ± 0.1 and 1.68 ± 0.3 in intact plant tissues and suspension culture cells, respectively that was not tolerated by tomato.
Abeles, F. B., Morgan, P. W., Salveit, M. E. (1992) Regulation of ethylene production by internal, environmental, and stress factors. In: Abeles, F. B., Morgan, P. W., Salveit, M. E. (eds). Ethylene in Plant Biology. Academic Press, San Diego, pp. 56–119.
Salveit M. E. , '', in Ethylene in Plant Biology , (1992 ) -.
Ayarpadikannan, S., Chung, E., Kim, K., So, H.-A., Schraufnagle, K. R., Lee, J.-H. (2014) RsERF1 derived from wild radish (Raphanus sativus) confers salt stress tolerance in Arabidopsis. Acta Physiol. Plant doi: 10.1007s11738-013-1478-4
Lee J.-H. , '', in Acta Physiol. Plant , (2014 ) -.
Biddington, N. L. (1992) The influence of ethylene in plant tissue culture. Plant Growth Regul. 11, 173–187.
Biddington N. L. , 'The influence of ethylene in plant tissue culture ' (1992 ) 11 Plant Growth Regul. : 173 -187 .
Cao, W. H., Liu, J., He, X. J., Mu, R. L., Zhou, H. L., Chen, S. Y., Zhang, J. S. (2007) Modulation of ethylene responses affects plant salt-stress responses. Plant Physiol. 143, 707–719.
Zhang J. S. , 'Modulation of ethylene responses affects plant salt-stress responses ' (2007 ) 143 Plant Physiol. : 707 -719 .
Carimi, F., Zottini, M., Formentin, E., Terzi, M., Lo Schiavo, F. (2003) Cytokinins: new apoptotic inducers in plants. Planta 216, 413–421.
Schiavo F. , 'Cytokinins: new apoptotic inducers in plants ' (2003 ) 216 Planta : 413 -421 .
Chae, S. C., Kim, H. H., Park, S. U. (2012) Ethylene inhibitors enhance shoot organogenesis of gloxinia (Sinningia speciosa). Sci. World J. Vol. 2012, Article ID859381, doi: 10.1100/2012/859381
Park S. U. , '', in Sci. World J. , (2012 ) -.
Chae, H. S., Faure, F., Kieber, J. J. (2003) The eto1, eto2, and eto3 mutations and cytokinin treatment increase ethylene biosynthesis in Arabidopsis by increasing the stability of ACS protein. Plant Cell 15, 545–559.
Kieber J. J. , 'The eto1, eto2, and eto3 mutations and cytokinin treatment increase ethylene biosynthesis in Arabidopsis by increasing the stability of ACS protein ' (2003 ) 15 Plant Cell : 545 -559 .
Cheng, M. C., Liao, P. M., Kuo, W. W., Lin, T. P. (2013) The Arabidopsis ETHYLENE RESPONSE FACT OR1 regulates abiotic stress-responsive gene expression by binding to different cis-acting elements in response to different stress signals. Plant Physiol. 162, 1566–1582.
Lin T. P. , 'The Arabidopsis ETHYLENE RESPONSE FACT OR1 regulates abiotic stress-responsive gene expression by binding to different cis-acting elements in response to different stress signals ' (2013 ) 162 Plant Physiol. : 1566 -1582 .
Csiszár, J., Szabó, M., Erdei, L., Márton, L., Horváth, F., Tari, I. (2004) Auxin autotrophic tobacco callus tissues resists oxidative stress: the importance of glutathione S-transferase and glutathione peroxidase activities in auxin heterotrophic and autotrophic calli. J. Plant Physiol. 161, 691–699.
Tari I. , 'Auxin autotrophic tobacco callus tissues resists oxidative stress: the importance of glutathione S-transferase and glutathione peroxidase activities in auxin heterotrophic and autotrophic calli ' (2004 ) 161 J. Plant Physiol. : 691 -699 .
Demidchik, V., Straltsova, D., Medvedev, S. S., Pozhvanov, G. A., Sokolik, A., Yurin, V. (2014) Stress-induced electrolyte leakage: the role of K+-permeable channels and involvement in programmed cell death and metabolic adjustment. J. Exp. Bot. 65, 1259–1270.
Yurin V. , 'Stress-induced electrolyte leakage: the role of K+-permeable channels and involvement in programmed cell death and metabolic adjustment ' (2014 ) 65 J. Exp. Bot. : 1259 -1270 .
Ederli, L., Morettini, R., Borgogni, A., Wasternack, C., Miersch, O., Reale, L., Ferranti, F., Tosti, N., Pasqualini, S. (2006) Interaction between nitric oxide and ethylene in the induction of alternative oxidase in ozone-treated tobacco plants. Plant Physiol. 142, 595–608.
Pasqualini S. , 'Interaction between nitric oxide and ethylene in the induction of alternative oxidase in ozone-treated tobacco plants ' (2006 ) 142 Plant Physiol. : 595 -608 .
Fukuda, H., Komamine, A. (1980) Establishment of an experimental system for the study of tracheary element differentiation from single cells isolated from the mesophyll of Zinnia elegans. Plant Physiol. 65, 57–60.
Komamine A. , 'Establishment of an experimental system for the study of tracheary element differentiation from single cells isolated from the mesophyll of Zinnia elegans ' (1980 ) 65 Plant Physiol. : 57 -60 .
Gamborg, O., Miller, R., Ojima, K. (1968) Nutrient requirement suspensions cultures of soybean root cells. Exp. Cell Res. 50, 151–158.
Ojima K. , 'Nutrient requirement suspensions cultures of soybean root cells ' (1968 ) 50 Exp. Cell Res. : 151 -158 .
Garcia-Gonzales, R., Quiroz, K., Carrasco, B., Caligari, P. (2010) Plant tissue culture: Current status, opportunities and challenges. Cienc. Investig. Agrar. 37, 5–30.
Caligari P. , 'Plant tissue culture: Current status, opportunities and challenges ' (2010 ) 37 Cienc. Investig. Agrar. : 5 -30 .
Gémes, K., Poór, P., Horváth, E., Kolbert, Z., Szopkó, D., Szepesi, Á., Tari, I. (2011) Cross-talk between salicylic acid and NaCl-generated reactive oxygen species and nitric oxide in tomato during acclimation to high salinity. Physiol. Plant. 142, 179–192.
Tari I. , 'Cross-talk between salicylic acid and NaCl-generated reactive oxygen species and nitric oxide in tomato during acclimation to high salinity ' (2011 ) 142 Physiol. Plant. : 179 -192 .
Huh, G. H., Damsz, B., Matsumoto, T. K., Reddy, M. P., Rus, A. M., Ibeas, J. I., Narasimhan, M. L., Bressan, R. A., Hasegawa, P. M. (2002) Salt causes ion disequilibrium-induced programmed cell death in yeast and plants. Plant J. 29, 649–659.
Hasegawa P. M. , 'Salt causes ion disequilibrium-induced programmed cell death in yeast and plants ' (2002 ) 29 Plant J. : 649 -659 .
Jones, M. L., Chaffin, G. S., Eason, J. R., Clark, D. G. (2005) Ethylene-sensitivity regulates proteolytic activity and cysteine protease gene expression in petunia corollas. J. Exp. Bot. 56, 2733–2744.
Clark D. G. , 'Ethylene-sensitivity regulates proteolytic activity and cysteine protease gene expression in petunia corollas ' (2005 ) 56 J. Exp. Bot. : 2733 -2744 .
Kamiyoshihara, Y., Tieman, D. M., Huber, D. J., Klee, H. J. (2012) Ligand-induced alterations in the phosphorylation state of ethylene receptors in tomato fruit. Plant Physiol. 160, 488–497.
Klee H. J. , 'Ligand-induced alterations in the phosphorylation state of ethylene receptors in tomato fruit ' (2012 ) 160 Plant Physiol. : 488 -497 .
Kende, H., Zeevaart, J. A. D. (1997) The five “classical” plant hormones. Plant Cell 9, 1197–1210.
Zeevaart J. A. D. , 'The five “classical” plant hormones ' (1997 ) 9 Plant Cell : 1197 -1210 .
Khan, M. N., Siddiqui, M. H., Mohammad, F., Naeem, M. (2012) Interactive role of nitric oxide and calcium chloride in enhancing tolerance to salt stress. Nitric Oxide-Biol. Ch. 27, 210–218.
Naeem M. , 'Interactive role of nitric oxide and calcium chloride in enhancing tolerance to salt stress ' (2012 ) 27 Nitric Oxide-Biol. Ch. : 210 -218 .
Köves, E., Szabó, M. (1987) Ethylene production in habituated and auxin-requiring tobacco callus-cultures — Does ethylene play a role in the habituation. Physiol. Plant. 69, 351–355.
Szabó M. , 'Ethylene production in habituated and auxin-requiring tobacco callus-cultures — Does ethylene play a role in the habituation ' (1987 ) 69 Physiol. Plant. : 351 -355 .
Li, J. S., Jia, H. L., Wang, J. (2014) cGMP and ethylene are involved in maintaining ion homeostasis under salt stress in Arabidopsis roots. Plant Cell Rep. 33, 447–459.
Wang J. , 'cGMP and ethylene are involved in maintaining ion homeostasis under salt stress in Arabidopsis roots ' (2014 ) 33 Plant Cell Rep. : 447 -459 .
Lieberman, M. (1979) Biosynthesis and action of ethylene. Annu. Rev. Plant Phyiol. 30, 533–591.
Lieberman M. , 'Biosynthesis and action of ethylene ' (1979 ) 30 Annu. Rev. Plant Phyiol. : 533 -591 .
Lu, C. W., Shao, Y., Li, L., Chen, A. J., Xu, W. Q., Wu, K. J., Luo, Y., B., Zhu, B. Z. (2011) Overexpression of SLERF1 tomato gene encoding an ERF-type transcription enhances salt tolerance. Russ. J. Plant Physiol. 58, 118–125.
Zhu B. Z. , 'Overexpression of SLERF1 tomato gene encoding an ERF-type transcription enhances salt tolerance ' (2011 ) 58 Russ. J. Plant Physiol. : 118 -125 .
Merchante, C., Alonso, J. M., Stepanova, A. N. (2013) Ethylene signaling: simple ligand, complex regulation. Current Opin. Plant Biol. 16, 554–560.
Stepanova A. N. , 'Ethylene signaling: simple ligand, complex regulation ' (2013 ) 16 Current Opin. Plant Biol. : 554 -560 .
Murashige, T., Skoog, F. (1962) A revised medium for rapid growth and bioassays with tobacco tissue cultures. Physiol. Plant. 15, 473–497.
Skoog F. , 'A revised medium for rapid growth and bioassays with tobacco tissue cultures ' (1962 ) 15 Physiol. Plant. : 473 -497 .
Nagendra-Prasad, D., Sudhakar, N., Murugesan, K., Mohan, N. (2008) Pre-exposure of calli to ozone promotes tolerance of regenerated Lycopersicon esculentum cv. PKM1 plantlets against acute ozone stress. J. Plant Physiol. 165, 1288–1299.
Mohan N. , 'Pre-exposure of calli to ozone promotes tolerance of regenerated Lycopersicon esculentum cv. PKM1 plantlets against acute ozone stress ' (2008 ) 165 J. Plant Physiol. : 1288 -1299 .
Ozden, M., Karaslaan, M. (2011) Effect of cytokinin on callus proliferation associated with physiological and biochemical changes in Vitis vinifera L. Acta Physiol. Plant. 33, 1451–1459.
Karaslaan M. , 'Effect of cytokinin on callus proliferation associated with physiological and biochemical changes in Vitis vinifera L ' (2011 ) 33 Acta Physiol. Plant. : 1451 -1459 .
Poór, P., Gémes, K., Horváth, F., Szepesi, A., Simon, M. L., Tari, I. (2011) Salicylic acid treatment via the rooting medium interferes with stomatal response, CO2 fixation rate and carbohydrate metabolism in tomato, and decreases harmful effects of subsequent salt stress. Plant Biol. 13, 105–114.
Tari I. , 'Salicylic acid treatment via the rooting medium interferes with stomatal response, CO2 fixation rate and carbohydrate metabolism in tomato, and decreases harmful effects of subsequent salt stress ' (2011 ) 13 Plant Biol. : 105 -114 .
Poór, P., Szopkó, D., Tari, I. (2012) Ionic homeostasis disturbance is involved in tomato cell death induced by NaCl and salicylic acid. In Vitro Cell Dev-Pl 48, 377–382.
Tari I. , 'Ionic homeostasis disturbance is involved in tomato cell death induced by NaCl and salicylic acid ' (2012 ) 48 In Vitro Cell Dev-Pl : 377 -382 .
Poór, P., Kovács, J., Szopkó, D., Tari, I. (2013) Ethylene signaling in salt stress- and salicylic acid-induced programmed cell death in tomato suspension cells. Protoplasma 250, 273–284.
Tari I. , 'Ethylene signaling in salt stress- and salicylic acid-induced programmed cell death in tomato suspension cells ' (2013 ) 250 Protoplasma : 273 -284 .
Purnhauser, L., Medgyesy, P., Czakó, M., Dix, P. J., Márton, L. (1987) Stimulation of shoot regeneration in Triticum aestivum and Nicotiana plumbaginifolia Viv tissue cultures using the ethylene inhibitor AgNO3. Plant Cell Rep. 6, 1–4.
Márton L. , 'Stimulation of shoot regeneration in Triticum aestivum and Nicotiana plumbaginifolia Viv tissue cultures using the ethylene inhibitor AgNO3 ' (1987 ) 6 Plant Cell Rep. : 1 -4 .
Redig, P., Shaul, O., Inze, D., VanMontagu, M., VanOnckelen, H. (1996) Levels of endogenous cytokinins, indole-3-acetic acid and abscisic acid during the cell cycle of synchronized tobacco BY-2 cells. FEBS Lett. 391, 175–180.
VanOnckelen H. , 'Levels of endogenous cytokinins, indole-3-acetic acid and abscisic acid during the cell cycle of synchronized tobacco BY-2 cells ' (1996 ) 391 FEBS Lett. : 175 -180 .
Shabala, S. (2009) Salinity and programmed cell death: unravelling mechanisms for ion specific signalling. J. Exp. Bot. 60, 709–711.
Shabala S. , 'Salinity and programmed cell death: unravelling mechanisms for ion specific signalling ' (2009 ) 60 J. Exp. Bot. : 709 -711 .
Shi, C., Zhang, Y. Q., Bian, K., Xu, L. L. (2011) Amount and activity changes of 20S proteasome modified by oxidation in salt-treated wheat root tips. Acta Physiol. Plant 33, 1227–1237.
Xu L. L. , 'Amount and activity changes of 20S proteasome modified by oxidation in salt-treated wheat root tips ' (2011 ) 33 Acta Physiol. Plant : 1227 -1237 .
Szabó, M., Köves, E., Somogyi, I. (1994) Development of auxin autotrophy in Nicotiana tabacum callus cultures. Physiol. Plant. 90, 348–352.
Somogyi I. , 'Development of auxin autotrophy in Nicotiana tabacum callus cultures ' (1994 ) 90 Physiol. Plant. : 348 -352 .
Tari, I., Szalai, G., Lorincz, Z., Bálint, A. (2002) Changes in thiol content in roots of wheat cultivars exposed to copper stress. Biol. Plant. 45, 255–260.
Bálint A. , 'Changes in thiol content in roots of wheat cultivars exposed to copper stress ' (2002 ) 45 Biol. Plant. : 255 -260 .
Trobacher, C. P. (2009) Ethylene and programmed cell death in plants. Botany 87, 757–769.
Trobacher C. P. , 'Ethylene and programmed cell death in plants ' (2009 ) 87 Botany : 757 -769 .
Wang, H. H., Liang, X. L., Wan, Q., Wang, X. M., Bi, Y. R. (2009) Ethylene and nitric oxide are involved in maintaining ion homeostasis in Arabidopsis callus under salt stress. Planta 230, 293–307.
Bi Y. R. , 'Ethylene and nitric oxide are involved in maintaining ion homeostasis in Arabidopsis callus under salt stress ' (2009 ) 230 Planta : 293 -307 .
Yakimova, E. T., Kapchina-Toteva, V. M., Woltering, E. J. (2007) Signal transduction events in aluminum-induced cell death in tomato suspension cells. J. Plant Physiol. 164, 702–708.
Woltering E. J. , 'Signal transduction events in aluminum-induced cell death in tomato suspension cells ' (2007 ) 164 J. Plant Physiol. : 702 -708 .
Yang, S. F., Hoffman, N. E. (1984) Ethylene biosynthesis and its regulation in higher plants. Annu. Rev. Plant Physiol. 35, 155–189.
Hoffman N. E. , 'Ethylene biosynthesis and its regulation in higher plants ' (1984 ) 35 Annu. Rev. Plant Physiol. : 155 -189 .
Zhao, L. Q., Zhang, F., Guo, J. K., Yang, Y. L., Li, B. B., Zhang, L. X. (2004) Nitric oxide functions as a signal in salt resistance in the calluses from two ecotypes of reed. Plant Physiol. 134, 849–857.
Zhang L. X. , 'Nitric oxide functions as a signal in salt resistance in the calluses from two ecotypes of reed ' (2004 ) 134 Plant Physiol. : 849 -857 .
Zhao, X. C., Schaller, G. E. (2004) Effect of salt and osmotic stress upon expression of the ethylene receptor ETR1 in Arabidopsis thaliana. FEBS Lett. 562, 189–192.
Schaller G. E. , 'Effect of salt and osmotic stress upon expression of the ethylene receptor ETR1 in Arabidopsis thaliana ' (2004 ) 562 FEBS Lett. : 189 -192 .