Background and aims
Betony (Betonica officinalis L.) is one of the rarest and most spectacular plants in the Scandinavian flora. A long-term question has been whether it is spontaneous or introduced, or whether it comprises both spontaneous and introduced populations. This study aimed to answer this question by analyzing sequence data from the nuclear external transcribed spacer (ETS) region and three regions of the plastid genome, the trnT–trnL intergenic spacer (IGS) region, tRNA-Leu (trnL) intron, and the trnS–trnG IGS.
Materials and methods
Altogether 41 samples from 11 European countries were analyzed. A unique duplication in the trnT–trnL IGS was detected in material from Skåne (southern Sweden), the “Skåne-duplication.” Populations with this duplication are united on a moderately supported branch in the phylogeny based on plastid sequences. A distinct heath genotype from Yorkshire was discovered in the phylogeny based on plastid sequences and in a comparative cultivation.
Results
Phylogeny based on ETS sequences does not support any Scandinavian group, whereas a principal coordinates analysis ordination based on variable ETS positions indicated a spontaneous origin for all Scandinavian populations, which comprise a genetically well-defined subgroup of the species, most closely related to other spontaneous populations from adjacent parts of continental parts of northern Europe.
Discussion
Seven possible naturally occurring localities remain in Scandinavia, five in central Skåne, southernmost Sweden, and two on the southwestern part of the Danish island of Lolland.
ProCite
RefWorks
Reference Manager
BibTeX
Zotero
EndNote
-
Allen, D. E., Hatfield, G. (2004) Medicinal Plants in Folk Tradition. An Ethnobotany of Britain and Ireland. Timber Press, Cambridge, MA.
-
Almgren, K. (1909) Om förekomsten i Sollentuna socken af Betonica officinalis samt några andra botaniska anteckningar [On the occurrence of Betonica officinalis in Sollentuna parish and some other botanical notes]. Svensk Bot. Tidskr. 3, 16–18.
-
Almquist, S. (1909) Mera om förekomsten af Betonica officinalis i Sollentuna [More on the occurrence of Betonica officinalis in Sollentuna]. Svensk Bot. Tidskr. 3, 68–69.
-
Andersen, S. (1942) Sjældne Hedeplanter m. v. i Sydlolland. Dansk Bot [Rare heath plants in southern Lolland]. Tidskr 46, 152–155.
-
Baldwin, B. G., Markos, S. (1998) Phylogenetic utility of the external transcribed spacer (ETS) of 18S–26SrDNA: congruence of ETS and ITS trees of Calycadenia (Compositae). Mol. Phyl. Evol. 10, 449–463.
-
Beardsley, P., Olmstead, R. G. (2002) Redefining Phrymaceae: The placement of Mimulus tribe Mimulae, and Phryma . Am. J. Bot. 89, 1093–1102.
-
Bohs, L., Olmstead, R. G. (2001) A reassessment of Normania and Triguera (Solanaceae). Pl. Syst. Evol. 228, 33–48.
-
Cavalli-Sforza, L. L., Edwards, A. W. (1967) Phylogenetic analysis. Models and estimation procedures. Am. J. Hum. Genet. 19, 233–257.
-
Culpeper, N. (1790) English Physician; and Complete Herbal (1st extended ed., in 1653). Printed for the author, London.
-
Demesure, B., Sodzi, N., Petit, R. J. (1995) A set of universal primers for amplification of polymorphic non-coding regions of mitochondrial and chloroplast DNA in plants. Mol. Ecol. 4, 129–131.
-
Felsenstein, J. (1985) Confidence limits on phylogenies: an approach using the bootstrap. Evolution 39, 783–791.
-
FloraWeb. (2018) Betonica officinalis subsp. officinalis L. Bundesamt für Naturschutz (BfN) [Federal Agency for Nature Conservation], Bonn. Retrieved from http://www.floraweb.de
-
Fries, E. M. (1823) Vegetationens förändringar, jemte uppgift på sellsyntare vexter anmärkte i Skåne [Changes in vegetation, with notes on rare species observed in Skåne]. , den 6 Maj 1823, pp. 84–95.
-
Geiger, P. L. (1839) Pharmaceutische Botanik. Erste Hälfte [Pharmaceutic botany. First half] (2nd ed., rev.). Heidelberg, Winter.
-
Haeupler, H., Schönfelder, P. (1989) Atlas der Farn- und Blütenpflanzen der Bundesrepublik Deutschland [Altas of the ferns and flowering plants of the Federal Republic of Germany]. Ulmer, Stuttgart.
-
Hall, B. G. (2013) Building phylogenetic trees from molecular data with MEGA. Mol. Biol. Evol. 30, 1229–1235.
-
Hamilton, M. B. (1999) Four primer pairs for the amplification of chloroplast intergenic regions with infraspecific variation. Mol. Ecol. 8, 521–523.
-
Hartvig, P. (2015) Atlas Flora Danica, Band 3. Gyldendal, Copenhagen, pp. 613–614.
-
Hornemann, J. W. (1821) Førsøg til en dansk økonomisk Plantelære. 3e førøgede Oplag [Preliminary Danish economic botany] (3rd extended ed.). Copenhagen, Denmark.
-
Hultén, E. (1971) Atlas över växternas utbredning i Norden. Fanerogamer och ormbunksväxter [Atlas of the plants in the Nordic countries. Phanerogams and ferns] (2nd ed.). Generalstabens litografiska anstalts förlag, Stockholm, Sweden.
-
Jorgensen, R. A., Cluster, P. D. (1988) Modes and tempos in the evolution of nuclear ribosomal DNA: new characters for evolutionary studies and new markers for genetic and population studies. Ann. Missouri Bot. Garden 75, 1238–1247.
-
Karlsson, T. (1982) Euphrasia rostkoviana i Sverige. Växtekologiska studier 15 [Euphrasia rostkoviana in Sweden]. Svenska Växtgeografiska Sällskapet, Uppsala, Sweden.
-
Kumar, S., Stecher, G., Tamura, K. (2016) MEGA7: Molecular evolutionary genetics analysis version 7.0 for bigger datasets. Mol. Biol. Evol. 33, 1870–1874.
-
Kylling, P. (1688) Viridarium Danicum, sive Catalogus Trilingvis Latino-Danico-Germanicus Plantarum Indigenarum In Dania Observatarum qvarum cuiqve suus est additus Locus, qvo in primis nascatur [Danish plant catalogue in three languages, Latin, Danish and German, for plants native in Denmark, including localities]. Copenhagen.
-
Larsson, H. A. (1987) Humlesugan, Stachys officinalis, ännu kvar i Stehag [Betony, Stachys officinalis, still present in Stehag]. Svensk Bot. Tidskr. 81, 111–114.
-
Leche, J. (1744) Primitiæ Floræ Scanicæ [First flora of Skåne]. Decreux, Lund, Sweden.
-
Lilja, N. (1838) Skånes Flora [Flora of Skåne]. Berlingska, Lund, Sweden.
-
Lilja, N. (1870) Skånes Flora. I–II [Flora of Skåne] (2nd ed., rev.). Hierta, Stockholm.
-
Linnæus, C. (1745) Flora Suecica. L. Salvius, Stockholm.
-
Linnæus, C. (1755) Flora Suecica. L. Salvius, Stockholm.
-
Mattiasson, G. (2010). Kungsmarken – flora och vegetation [Kungsmarken – flora and vegetation]. Bot. Notiser 143, 1–76.
-
Mierwald, U., Romahn, K. (2006) Die Farn-und Blütenpflanzen Schleswig-Holsteins. Rote Liste – Band 1 [The ferns and flowering plants of Schleswig-Holstein. Red List – Volume 1. State Office for Nature and Environment of Schleswig Holstein, Flintbek]. Landesamt für Natur und Umwelt des Landes Schleswig-Holstein, Flintbek.
-
Müller, O. F. (1778) Flora Danica 13, plate 726. Copenhagen.
-
Ortus Sanitatis. (1517) R. Beck, Straßbourg (även känd som Hortus, utan författare, urasprungligen publicerad 1491 av J. Meydenbach, Mainz) [R. Beck, Straßbourg (also known as Hortus, originally published 1491 by J. Meydenbach, Mainz)].
-
Parnell, J., Curtis, T. (2012) Webb’s an Irish flora. Cork University Press, Cork.
-
Paulli, S. (1648) Flora Danica Det er: Dansk Urtebog [Flora of Denmark, i.e., Danish herb book]. M. Marzan, Copenhagen.
-
Pedersen, A. (1969) Labiaternas og Verbenaceernes udbredelse i Danmark. TBU-dissertation n:r 37 [About herbal water]. Bot. Tidskr. 64, 285–379.
-
Pedersen, Ch. (1534) Om Urte Vand. Ch. Pedersen, Malmø.
-
Pillon, Y., Fay, M. F., Hedrén, M., Bateman, R. M., Devey, D., Shipunov, A., van der Bank, M., Chase, M. W. (2007) Evolution and temporal diversification of western European polyploid species complexes in Dactylorhiza (Orchidaceae). Taxon 2007, 1185–1208.
-
Prince, L. M., Kress, J. (2006) Phylogeny and biogeography of the prayer plant family: getting to the root problem in Maranthaceae. Aliso 22, 645–659.
-
Rohlf, F. J. (2005) NTSYSpc: Numerical Taxonomy System, Version 2.20. Exeter Publishing, Setauket, NY.
-
Rufelt, H. (1949) Bidrag till Skånes Flora. 42. Om flora och vegetation i Stehags socken [Additions to the Flora of Skåne. About flora and vegetation in Stehag parish]. Bot. Notiser 102, 109–126.
-
Salmaki, Y., Zarre, S., Ryding, O., Lindqvist, Ch., Bräuchler, Ch., Heubl, G., Barber, J., Bendiksby, M. (2013) Molecular phylogeny of tribe Stachyidae (Lamiaceae subfamily Lamoidae). Mol. Phyl. Evol. 69, 535–551.
-
Salmaki, Y., Zarre, S, Ryding, O., Lindqvist, C., Scheunert, A., Brauchler, C., Heubl, G. (2012) Phylogeny of the tribe Phlomideae (Lamioideae: Lamiaceae) with special focus on Eremostachys and Phlomoides: new insights from nuclear and chloroplast sequences. Taxon 61, 161–179.
-
Shaw, J., Lickey, E. B., Beck, J. T., Farmer, S. B., Liu, W., Miller, J., Siripun, K. C., Winder, C. T., Schilling, E. E., Small, R. L. (2005) The tortoise and the hare II: relative utility of 21 noncoding chloroplast DNA sequences for phylogenetic analysis. Am. J. Bot. 92, 142–166.
-
Silveira, M. A., Simpson, M. G. (2013) Phylogenetics of the Mesa Mints: Popogyne (Lamiaceae). Syst. Bot. 38, 782–794.
-
Stace, C. (2019) New Flora of the British Isles (4th ed.). C&M Floristics, Middlewood Green, Suffolk.
-
Stanford, A. M., Harden, R., Parks, C. R. (2000) Phylogeny and biogeography of Juglans (Juglandaceae) based on matK and ITS sequence data. Am. J. Bot. 87, 872–882.
-
Taberlet, P., Gielly, L., Pautou, G., Bouvet, J. (1991) Universal primers for amplification of three non-coding regions of chloroplast DNA. Plant Mol. Biol. 17, 1105–1109.
-
Thell, A. (2016a) Betony (Betonica officinalis) in Stehag – a piece of living plant history. In: Kandt, K. E., Lissok, M. (eds.) Festgaben aus Floras Füllhorn, Pomonas Gärten und vom Helikon. Eine Blütenlese kultur- und kunsthistorischer Beiträge zum 65. Geburtstag von Gerd-Helge Vogel [Gifts from Floras Cornucopia, Pomona's gardens and from the Helikon. A collection of cultural and art historical contributions on the occasion of the 65th birthday of Gerd-Helge Vogel]. Ludwig, Kiel, pp. 22–37, and 225.
-
Thell, A. (2016b) Humlesugan i Skåne and Danmark under 500 år [Betony in Skåne and Denmark for 500 years]. Bot. Notiser 149(4), 1–19.
-
Turesson, G. (1930) Zur Frage nach der Spontaneität von Betonica officinalis L. in Schweden [The question of spontaneity of Betonica officinalis L. in Sweden]. Bot. Notiser 83, 495–506.
-
Tyler, T. (2015) Holma Ängar – en okänd lokal för humlesuga Betonica officinalis och många trevliga följearter [Holma ängar – an unknown locality for Betonica officinalis and many enjoyable accompanied species]. Bot. Notiser 148, 29–32.
-
Tyler, T., Olsson, K.-A., Johansson, H., Sonesson, M. (eds.) (2007) Skånes flora – arterna och deras utbredning [The flora of Skåne – the species and their distribution]. Grahns, Lund.
-
Urbatsch, L. E., Baldwin, B. G., Donoghue, M. J. (2000) Phylogeny of the coneflowers and relatives (Heliantheae: Asteraceae) based on nuclear rDNA internal transcribed spacer (ITS) sequences and chloroplast DNA restriction site data. Syst. Bot. 25, 539–565.
-
Weverinck, T. (1939) Gyabergsskogen [The Gyaberg Forest]. Skånes Natur 26, 41–52.
-
White, T. J., Burns, T., Lee, S., Taylor, J. W. (1991) Amplification and direct sequencing of fungal ribosomal RNA genes for phylogenetics. In: Innis, M. A., Gelfand, D. H., Sninsky, J.-J., White, T. J. (eds.) PCR Protocols: A Guide to Methods and Applications. Academic Press, San Diego, pp. 315–322.
-
Wollert, H. (2005) Zum standörtlichen und soziologischen Verhalten des Heilziest (Betonica officinalis L.) in Mecklenburg-Vorpommern [On the local and sociological conditions of betony in Mecklenburg-Vorpommern]. Botanischer Rundbrief für Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, Neubrandenburg 40, 11–30.
-
Zacharias, D., Janßen, C., Brandes, D. (1988) Basenreiche Pfeifengras-Streuewiesen des Molinietum coeruleae W. Koch 1926, ihre Brachstadien und ihre wichtigsten Kontaktgesellschaften in Südost-Niedersachsen [Base-rich moor grass meadows of the Molinietum caeruleae W. Koch, their fallow stages and their most important associated societies in southeastern Lower Saxony]. Tuexenia 8, 55–78.
-
Zimmermann, F. (2014) Pfeifengraswiesen auf kalkreichem Boden, torfigen und tonig-schluffigen Böden (Molinion caeruleae) [Moor grass meadows on calcareous ground, peat and silty-clay ground (Molinion caeruleae)]. Naturschutz und Landschaftspflege in Brandenburg 23, 82–85.
Monthly Content Usage
| Abstract Views | Full Text Views | PDF Downloads | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Nov 2020 | 99 | 1 | 0 |
| Dec 2020 | 99 | 0 | 0 |
| Jan 2021 | 69 | 0 | 0 |
| Feb 2021 | 51 | 0 | 0 |
| Mar 2021 | 45 | 0 | 0 |
| Apr 2021 | 38 | 0 | 0 |
| May 2021 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Copyright Akadémiai Kiadó
AKJournals is the trademark of Akadémiai Kiadó's journal publishing business branch.
Copyright Akadémiai Kiadó AKJournals is the trademark of Akadémiai Kiadó's journal publishing business branch.
Powered by PubFactory