In this report we examined the glycopeptide susceptibility of enterococci, isolated in 2005, from slaughtered animals, within the confines of Hungarian Antibiotic Resistance Monitoring System. We determined the presence of the van genes as well as their genetic relatedness in enterococci from poultry. Enterococcus sp. strains (n = 175) were collected from intestinal samples of slaughtered poultry in 2005. The origin of the samples was registered at county level. After screening the strains with 30 mg vancomycin disc 19 (86%) intermediate resistant and 4 (3%) fully resistant strains were found. The distribution of minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC)-values among 23 enterococcus strains which were intermediate or resistant to vancomycin were 0.25 mg/L (4.4%), 2 mg/L (8.6%), 4 mg/L (8.6%), 8 mg/L (61%), 16 mg/L (8.6%) and 256 mg/L (8.6%). The MICs of teicoplanin were 0.25 mg/L (4.3%), 1 (8.6%), 4 mg/L (78.3%), 16 mg/L (4.3%) and 256 mg/L (4.3%). The two most vancomycin-resistant strains were vanA carriers (1 E. faecalis and 1 E. faecium ).The farms that produced these strains can be reservoirs of VRE and the affected farms should change the technology of disinfection and breeding in order to prevent the emergence of high numbers of human VRE isolates in Hungary.
Ziglam, H. M., Finch, R. G.: Limitations of presently available glycopeptides in the treatment of Gram-positive infection. Clin Microbiol Infect 7 , 53–65 (2001).
Finch R. G. , 'Limitations of presently available glycopeptides in the treatment of Gram-positive infection ' (2001 ) 7 Clin Microbiol Infect : 53 -65.
Leclercq, R., Derlot, E., Duval, J., Courvalin, P.: Plasmid-mediated resistance to vancomycin and teicoplanin in Enterococcus faecium . NEngl J Med 319 , 157–161 (1988).
Courvalin P. , 'Plasmid-mediated resistance to vancomycin and teicoplanin in Enterococcus faecium ' (1988 ) 319 NEngl J Med : 157 -161.
Uttley, A. H., Collins, C. H., Naidoo, J., George, R. C.: Vancomycin-resistant enterococci. Lancet 1 , 57–58 (1988).
George R. C. , 'Vancomycin-resistant enterococci ' (1988 ) 1 Lancet : 57 -58.
French, G. L.: Enterococci and vancomycin resistance. Clin Infect Dis 27 , 75–83 (1998).
French G. L. , 'Enterococci and vancomycin resistance ' (1998 ) 27 Clin Infect Dis : 75 -83.
Wegener, H. C., Aarestrup, F. M., Jensen, L. B., Hammerum, A. M., Bager, F.: Use of antimicrobial growth promoters in food animals and Enterococcus faecium resistance to therapeutic antimicrobial drugs in Europe. Emerg Infect Dis 5 , 329–335 (1999).
Bager F. , 'Use of antimicrobial growth promoters in food animals and Enterococcus faecium resistance to therapeutic antimicrobial drugs in Europe ' (1999 ) 5 Emerg Infect Dis : 329 -335.
Collignon, P. J.: Vancomycin-resistant enterococci and use of avoparcin in animal feed: is there a link? Med J Aust 171 , 144–146 (1999).
Collignon P. J. , 'Vancomycin-resistant enterococci and use of avoparcin in animal feed: is there a link? ' (1999 ) 171 Med J Aust : 144 -146.
Woodford, N.: Glycopeptide-resistant enterococci: a decade of experience. J Med Microbiol 47 , 849–862 (1998).
Woodford N. , 'Glycopeptide-resistant enterococci: a decade of experience ' (1998 ) 47 J Med Microbiol : 849 -862.
Williamson, R., Al-Obeid S., Shlaes, J. H., Goldstein, F. W., Shlaes, D. M.: Inducible resistance to vancomycin in Enterococcus faecium D366. J Infect Dis 159 , 1095–1104 (1989).
Shlaes D. M. , 'Inducible resistance to vancomycin in Enterococcus faecium D366 ' (1989 ) 159 J Infect Dis : 1095 -1104.
Leclercq, R., Dutka-Malen, S., Duval, J., Courvalin, P.: Vancomycin resistance gene vanC is specific to Enterococcus gallinarum . Antimicrob Agents Chemother 36 , 2005–2008 (1992).
Courvalin P. , 'Vancomycin resistance gene vanC is specific to Enterococcus gallinarum ' (1992 ) 36 Antimicrob Agents Chemother : 2005 -2008.
Perichon, B., Reynoldsm, P., Courvalin, P.: VanD-type glycopeptide-resistant Enterococcus faecium BM4339. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 41 , 2016–2018 (1997).
Courvalin P. , 'VanD-type glycopeptide-resistant Enterococcus faecium BM4339 ' (1997 ) 41 Antimicrob Agents Chemother : 2016 -2018.
Fines, M., Perichon, B., Reynolds, P., Sahm, D. F., Courvalin, P.: VanE, a new type of acquired glycopeptide resistance in Enterococcus faecalis BM4405. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 43 , 2161–2164 (1999).
Courvalin P. , 'VanE, a new type of acquired glycopeptide resistance in Enterococcus faecalis BM4405 ' (1999 ) 43 Antimicrob Agents Chemother : 2161 -2164.
Depardieu, F., Bonora, M. G., Reynolds, P. E., Courvalin, P.: The van G glycopeptide resistance operon from Enterococcus faecalis revisited. Mol Microbiol 50 , 931–948 (2003).
Courvalin P. , 'The vanG glycopeptide resistance operon from Enterococcus faecalis revisited ' (2003 ) 50 Mol Microbiol : 931 -948.
Ghidán, A., Kaszanyitzky, E. J., Dobay, O., Nagy, K., Amyes, S. G., Rozgonyi, F.: Distribution and genetic relatedness of vancomycin-resistant enterococci (VRE) isolated from healthy slaughtered chickens in Hungary from 2001 to 2004. Acta Vet Hung 56 , 13–25 (2008).
Rozgonyi F. , 'Distribution and genetic relatedness of vancomycin-resistant enterococci (VRE) isolated from healthy slaughtered chickens in Hungary from 2001 to 2004 ' (2008 ) 56 Acta Vet Hung : 13 -25.
National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards. Performance standards for antimicrobial disk susceptibility tests, 7 th ed.: Approved standard, M2-A7. Wayne, PA: NCCLS (2000).
'', in Performance standards for antimicrobial disk susceptibility tests , (2000 ) -.
National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards. Performance standards for antimicrobial susceptibility testing; Twelfth informational supplement. M100-S12. NCCLS, Wayne, PA (2002).
'', in Performance standards for antimicrobial susceptibility testing; Twelfth informational supplement , (2002 ) -.
Deasy, B. M., Rea, M. C., Fitzgerald, G. F., Cogan, T. M., Beresford, T. P.: A rapid PCR based method to distinguish between lactococcus and enterococcus. Syst Appl Microbiol 23 , 510–522 (2000).
Beresford T. P. , 'A rapid PCR based method to distinguish between lactococcus and enterococcus ' (2000 ) 23 Syst Appl Microbiol : 510 -522.
Dutka-Malen, S., Evers, S., Courvalin, P.: Detection of glycopeptide resistance genotypes and identification to the species level of clinically relevant enterococci by PCR. J Clin Microbiol 33 , 24–27 (1995). Erratum in: J Clin Microbiol 33 , 1434 (1995).
Courvalin P. , 'Detection of glycopeptide resistance genotypes and identification to the species level of clinically relevant enterococci by PCR ' (1995 ) 33 J Clin Microbiol : 24 -27.