A recent international conference, entitled Transition in Perspective offered an opportunity for the author to take stock of the achievements of the post-socialist economies since the regime change in 1989/90. The analysis was carried out in two dimensions, in the political and the economic one. Regarding the first one, the record is largely positive: many countries have regained their independence, although in some cases the price was high and the fundamentals of democracy are still missing. In civil wars and inter-ethnic fights far too many people were killed and/or displaced. Since about 2000, many countries fell in the hand of autocratic leaders. In terms of catching-up with the income levels of the advanced economies, less than half of the countries were truly successful. The people have good reasons to be disappointed.
Ayagan, B. (2014): Defining the New State Borders in 1990–2005 as Key Foundation of Statehood. The Astana Times, May 14.
Ayagan B. , '', in The Astana Times , (2014 ) -.
Azam, M. - Ferré, C. - Ajwad, M.I. (2013): Can Public Works Programs Mitigate the Impact of Crises in Europe? The Case of Latvia. IZA Journal of European Labour Studies, 2. http://www.izajoels.com/content/2/1/10
Ajwad M.I. , '', in IZA Journal of European Labour Studies , (2013 ) -.
Carrol, L. (1865): Alice’s Adventures in Wonderland. London: Macmillan.
Carrol L. , '', in Alice’s Adventures in Wonderland , (1865 ) -.
Carrol, L. (1871): Through the Looking-Glass, and What Alice Found There. London: Macmillan.
Carrol L. , '', in Through the Looking-Glass, and What Alice Found There , (1871 ) -.
Dahrendorf, R. (1990): Reflections on the Revolution in Europe. London: Transaction Publishers.
Dahrendorf R. , '', in Reflections on the Revolution in Europe , (1990 ) -.
Fukuyama, F. (1989): The End of History? The National Interest, Summer.
Fukuyama F. , '', in The National Interest , (1989 ) -.
IMF (2012a): Macroeconomic Policy Frameworks for Resource-Rich Developing Countries. 24 August. http://www.imf.org/external/np/pp/eng/2012/082412.pdf
'', in Macroeconomic Policy Frameworks for Resource-Rich Developing Countries , (2012 ) -.
IMF (2012b): Annual Report on Exchange Arrangements and Exchange Restrictions, 2012. http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/nft/2012/eaer/ar2012.pdf
'', in Annual Report on Exchange Arrangements and Exchange Restrictions, 2012 , (2012 ) -.
Klaus, V. (1997): Review of János Kornai’s The Socialist System: The Political Economy of Communism. In: Renaissance: The Rebirth of Liberty in the Heart of Europe. Cato Institute, 163–183.
Klaus V. , '', in Renaissance: The Rebirth of Liberty in the Heart of Europe , (1997 ) -.
Kornai, J. (1959): Overcentralization in Economic Administration. A Critical Analysis Based on Experience in Hungarian Light Industry. London: Oxford University Press. (The Hungarian original appeared first in 1956, as a PhD dissertation.)
Kornai J. , '', in Overcentralization in Economic Administration. A Critical Analysis Based on Experience in Hungarian Light Industry , (1959 ) -.
Kornai, J. (1976): The Third Way: Marxist-Leninist Theory and Modern Industrial Society. London: Wildwood House — White Plains, NY: International Arts and Sciences Press.
Kornai J. , '', in The Third Way: Marxist-Leninist Theory and Modern Industrial Society , (1976 ) -.
Kornai, J. (1992): The Socialist System. The Political Economy of Communism. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
Kornai J. , '', in The Socialist System. The Political Economy of Communism , (1992 ) -.
Kornai, J. (1995): Eliminating the Shortage Economy: A General Analysis and Examination of Developments in Hungary. Economics of Transition, 3(1): 13–37, (2): 149–168.
Kornai J. , 'Eliminating the Shortage Economy: A General Analysis and Examination of Developments in Hungary ' (1995 ) 3 Economics of Transition : 13 -37 .
Kornai, J. (2001): Hardening the Soft Budget Constraint: The Experience of the Post-Socialist Countries. European Economic Review, 45(9): 1573–1600.
Kornai J. , 'Hardening the Soft Budget Constraint: The Experience of the Post-Socialist Countries ' (2001 ) 45 European Economic Review : 1573 -1600 .
Maddison, A. (2009): Historical Statistics of the World Economy: 1–2008 AD. http://www.ggdc.net/maddison/maddison-project/home.htm
Maddison A. , '', in Historical Statistics of the World Economy: 1–2008 AD , (2009 ) -.
Mihalyi, P. (2008): What Happened to Healthcare Reform? The Analyst, 4(1): 103–130.
Mihalyi P. , 'What Happened to Healthcare Reform? ' (2008 ) 4 The Analyst : 103 -130 .
Mihalyi, P. (2012): The Causes of Slow Growth in Hungary during the Post-Communist Transformation Period. Discussion Paper MT-DP — 2012/16, Research Centre for Economic and Regional Studies of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences. http://econ.core.hu/file/download/mtdp/MTDP1216.pdf
Mihalyi P. , '', in Discussion Paper MT-DP — 2012/16 , (2012 ) -.
Pryor, F. (1987): Marxist Regimes Series. Journal of Comparative Economics, 11(1): 124–132.
Pryor F. , 'Marxist Regimes Series ' (1987 ) 11 Journal of Comparative Economics : 124 -132 .
Sachs, J. (1990): What is to be Done? The Economist, 13 January.
Sachs J. , '', in The Economist , (1990 ) -.
Ŝik, O. (1972): Czechoslovakia: The Bureaucratic Economy. White Plains, NY: International Arts and Sciences Press.
Ŝik O. , '', in Czechoslovakia: The Bureaucratic Economy , (1972 ) -.
Treisman, D. (2010): ‘Loans for shares’ Revisited. Post-Soviet Affairs, 26(3): 207–227
Treisman D. , '‘Loans for shares’ Revisited ' (2010 ) 26 Post-Soviet Affairs : 207 -227 .