Equivalence scales are commonly employed in income analysis to compare the wealth of households of various compositions (e.g., 0-child, 1-child). The choice of weights for this type of analysis is not self-evident. In this paper, subjective equivalence scales for households in Poland, the Czech Republic, and Hungary are estimated. We use longitudinal EU-SILC data for 2005–2012 following the approach of Goedhart et al. (1977) as employed by Bishop et al. (2014). The use of longitudinal data shows that previous results on the subjective minimum income that were based on the OLS estimates for cross-section data overestimated the impact from current income and underestimated the role of economies of scale. Subjective equivalence scales imply a decreasing marginal cost of children in the three countries, which makes them distinct from the OECD scale. The marginal cost of a first child is similar to the values assumed in the OECD scale, but the cost of a second child is much lower.
Bollinger, C. – Nicoletti, C. – Pudney, S. (2012): Two can Live as Cheaply as One…But Three’s a Crowd. ISER Working Paper, No. 10/2012.
Bertrand, M. – Duflo, E. – Mullainathan, S. (2004): How Much should We Trust Differences-in-Differences Estimates? Quarterly Journal of Economics, 119(1): 249–275.
Bishop, J. A. – Luo, F. – Pan, X. (2006): Economic Transition and Subjective Poverty in Urban China. Review of Income and Wealth, 52(4): 625–641.
Bishop, J. A. – Grodner, A. – Liu, H. – Ahamdanech-Zarco, I. (2014): Subjective Poverty Equivalence Scales for Euro Zone Countries. The Journal of Economic Inequality, 12(2): 265–278.
Chiappori, P. A. (2015): Equivalence versus Indifference Scales. The Economic Journal, 126(592): 523–545.
Engel, E. (1895): Die Lebenskosten Belgischer Arbeiter-Familien Früher and Jetzt. International Statistical Institute Bulletin, 9: 1–74.
Goedhart, T. – Halberstadt, V. – Kepteyn, A. – Van Praag, B. (1977): The Poverty Line: Concept and Measurement. Journal of Human Resources, 12(4): 503–520.
Grodner, A. – Salas, R. (2013): Utility Independent Subjective Poverty Line and Equivalence Scale. Presentation at the 5th ECINEQ Meeting, 22–24 July 2013, Bari.
Kahneman, D. – Krueger, A. B. (2006): Developments in the Measurement of Subjective Well-Being. Journal of Economic Perspectives, 20(1): 3–24.
Kapteyn, A. – van de Geer, S. – van de Stadt, H. (1985): The Impact of Changes in Income and Family Composition on Subjective Measures of Well-Being. In: David, M. – Smeeding, T. (eds): Horizontal Equity, Uncertainty, and Economic Well-Being. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, pp. 35–68.
Knight, J. – Gunatilaka, R. (2012): Income, Aspirations and the Hedonic Treadmill in a Poor Society. Journal of Economic Behaviour & Organization, 82(1): 6781.
MacKerron, G. (2012): Happiness Economics from 35,000 Feet. Journal of Economic Surveys, 26(4): 705–735.
OECD (2016): Family Benefits Public Spending (Indicator).
van Praag, B. (1971): The Welfare Function of Income in Belgium: An Empirical Investigation. European Economic Review, 11(3): 337–369.
van Praag, B. – Ferrer-i-Carbonell, A. (2004): Happiness Quantified. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
van Praag, B. – Van der Sar, N. (1988): Household Cost Functions and Equivalence Scales. Journal of Human Resources, 23(2): 193–210.
PricewaterhouseCoopers (2015): Family Tax Reliefs and Benefits in the EU, https://www.pwc.pl/pl/pdf/family-tax-reliefs-and-benefits-in-the-eu.pdf, Accessed on January 28, 2016.
Ree, de J. – Alessiez, R. – Pradhanx, M. (2013): The Price and Utility Dependence of Equivalence Scales: Evidence from Indonesia. Journal of Public Economics, 97: 272–281.
Schokkaert, E. – Van Ootegemy, L. – Verhof, E. (2011): Preferences and Subjective Satisfaction: Measuring Well-Being on the Job for Policy Evaluation. CESifo Economic Studies, 57(4): 683–714.
Schwarze, J. (2003): Using Panel Data on Income Satisfaction to Estimate Equivalence Scale Elasticity. Review of Income and Wealth, 49(3): 359–372.
Veenhoven, R. (2002): Why Social Policy Needs Subjective Indicators? Social Indicators Research, (11)58: 33–45.
Wooldridge, J. (2010): Econometric Analysis of Cross-Section and Panel Data. Cambridge: MIT Press.