Conventional wisdom has it that Marxian value theory, and labour values themselves, are logically inconsistent, theoretically shaky, and empirically irrelevant. In this paper, we discuss recent research showing that this conclusion is not warranted. While past debates have definitively proved that labour values, or employment multipliers, cannot be used to explain equilibrium prices, this does not mean that a sound, empirically oriented Marxian approach cannot be built which assigns a central role to labour values. To be specific, we argue that they can be used to understand certain fundamental laws of capitalist economies – in particular the relation between profitability, technical progress, and accumulation – and also to construct normatively interesting indices capturing certain inequalities in well-being freedom.
Barro, R. J. – Lee, J. (2013): A New Data Set of Educational Attainment in the World, 1950-2010. Journal of Development Economics, 104: 184–198.
Basu, D. – Foley, D. K. (2013): Dynamics of Output and Employment in the U.S. Economy. Cambridge Journal of Economics, 37(5): 1077–1106.
Binmore, K. (1998): Egalitarianism versus Utilitarianism. Utilitas, 10(3): 353–367.
BLS (2008): Technical Information about the BLS Major Sector Productivity and Costs Measures. http://www.bls.gov/lpc/lpcmethods.pdf.
Buchanan, A. (1982): Marx and Justice. Totowa: Rowman and Littlefield.
Bureau of Economic Analysis (2017): GDP by Industry .U.S. Department of Commerce.
Bureau of Economic Analysis (2021a): Employment by Industry. U.S. Department of Commerce.
Bureau of Economic Analysis (2021b): Input-Output Accounts .U.S. Department of Commerce.
Bureau of Labor Statistics (2017): Employment, Hours, and Earnings. U.S. Department of Labor.
Chilcote, E. B. (2004): Calculating Labour Values Empirically. In: Freeman, A. – Kliman, A. – Wells, J. (eds): The New Value Controversy and the Foundations of Economics. Cheltenham, UK: Edward Elgar, pp. 199–218.
Cockshott, W. P. – Cottrell, A. F. (1997): Labour Time versus Alternative Value Bases: A Research Note. Cambridge Journal of Economics, 21(4): 545–549.
Cogliano, J. F. (2018): Surplus Value Production and Realization in Marxian Theory – Applications to the U.S., 1990-2015. Review of Political Economy, 30(4): 505–533.
Cogliano, J. F. (2021): Marx’s Equalized Rate of Exploitation. University of Massachusetts Boston, Economics Department, Working Paper, No. 2021-01.
Cogliano, J. F. – Flaschel, P. – Franke, R. – Fröhlich, N. – Veneziani, R. (2018): Value, Competition, and Exploitation: Marx’s Legacy Revisited. Chaltanham, UK: Edward Elgar.
Cogliano, J. F. – Veneziani, R. – Yoshihara, N. (2016): The Dynamics of Exploitation and Class in Accumulation Economies. Metroeconomica, 67(2): 242–290.
Cogliano, J. F. – Veneziani, R. – Yoshihara, N. (2019): Exploitation, Skills, and Inequality. Review of Social Economy, 77(2): 208–249.
Cogliano, J. F. – Veneziani, R. – Yoshihara, N. (2022): Computational Methods and Classical-Marxian Economics. Journal of Economic Surveys, 36(2): 310–349.
Cogliano, J. F. – Veneziani, R. – Yoshihara, N. (2021): The Dynamics of International Exploitation. University of Massachusetts Boston, Economics Department, Working Paper, No. 2021-02.
Cohen, G. A. (1995): Self-Ownership, Freedom and Equality. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Desai, M. (1988): The Transformation Problem. Journal of Economic Surveys, 2(4): 295–333.
Duménil, G. (1980): De la Valeur aux Prix de Production. Paris: Economica.
Duménil, G. (1984): The So-Called ‘Transformation Problem’ Revisited: A Brief Comment. Journal of Economic Theory, 33(2): 340–348.
Farjoun, E. – Machover, M. (1983): Laws of Chaos. London, UK: Verso.
Feenstra, R. – Inklaar, R. – Timmer, M. (2015): The Next Generation of the Penn World Table. American Economic Review, 105, pp. 3150–3182. www.ggdc.net/pwt.
Flaschel, P. (1983): Actual Labor Values in a General Model of Production. Econometrica, 51(2): 435–454.
Flaschel, P. (2010): Topics in Classical Micro- and Macroeconomics. New York, NY: Springer.
Flaschel, P. – Franke, R. – Veneziani, R. (2013): Labor Productivity and the Law of Decreasing Labor Content. Cambridge Journal of Economics, 37(2): 379–402.
Fleurbaey, M. (1996): Théories économiques de la justice. Paris: Economica.
Foley, D. K. (1982): The Value of Money, the Value of Labor Power and the Marxian Transformation Problem. Review of Radical Political Economics, 14(2): 37–47.
Foley, D. K. (2000): Recent Developments in the Labor Theory of Value. Review of Radical Political Economics, 32(1): 1–39.
Foley, D. K. (2011): The Long-Period Method and Marx's Theory of Value. In: Caspari, V. (ed.): The Evolution of Economic Theory: Essays in Honour of Bertram Schefold. Abingdon, Oxon: Routledge, pp. 15–38.
Foley, D. K. (2013): Rethinking Financial Capitalism and the ‘Information’ Economy. Review of Radical Political Economics, 45(3): 257–268.
Foley, D. K. (2016): What is the Labor Theory of Value and What Is It Good for? In: Freni, G. – Kurz, H. D. – Lavezzi, A. M. – Signorino, R. (eds): Economic Theory and its History: Essays in Honour of Neri Salvadori. Abingdon, Oxon: Routledge, pp. 370–384.
Fröhlich, N. (2013): Labour Values, Prices of Production and the Missing Equalisation Tendency of Profit Rates: Evidence from the German Economy. Cambridge Journal of Economics, 37(5): 1107–1126.
Işikara, G. – Mokre, P. (2022): Price-Value Deviations and the Labour Theory of Value: Evidence from 42 Countries, 2000-2017. Review of Political Economy, 34(1): 165–180.
Itoh, M. (2021): Value and Crisis. Essays on Marxian Economics in Japan. (2nd ed.) New York: Monthly Review Press.
Marx, K. (1970): Critique of the Gotha Programme. Moscow: Progress Publishers.
Marx, K. (1976): Capital: Volume I. New York, NY: Penguin Group.
Marx, K. (1981): Capital: Volume III. New York, NY: Penguin Group.
Mohun, S. (1994): A Re(In)Statement of the Labor Theory of Value. Cambridge Journal of Economics, 18(4): 391–412.
Mohun, S. (2004): The Labour Theory of Value as Foundation for Empirical Investigations. Metroeconomica, 55(1): 65–95.
Mohun, S. (2014): Unproductive Labor in the U.S. Economy 1964–2010. Review of Radical Political Economics, 46(3): 355–379.
Mohun, S. – Veneziani, R. (2017): Values, Price and Exploitation: The Logic of the Transformation Problem. Journal of Economic Surveys, 31(5): 1387–1420.
Morishima, M. (1973): Marx’s Economics. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.
Morishima, M. (1974): Marx in the Light of Modern Economic Theory. Econometrica, 42(4): 611–632.
Ochoa, E. M. (1989): Values, Prices, and Wage-Profit Curves in the US Economy. Cambridge Journal of Economics, 13(3): 413–429.
OECD (2001): Measuring Productivity. OECD Economic Studies, No. 33.
Paitaridis, D. – Tsoulfidis, L. (2012): The Growth of Unproductive Activities, the Rate of Profit, and the Phase-Change of the U.S. Economy. Review of Radical Political Economics, 44(2): 213–233.
Psacharopoulos, G. (1994): Returns to Investment in Education: A Global Update. World Development, 22(9): 1325–1343.
Rawls, J. (1971): A Theory of Justice. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Robinson, J. (1964): Economic Philosophy. (2nd ed.) Harmondsworth: Penguin.
Roemer, J. E . (1981): Analytical Foundations of Marxian Economic Theory. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Roemer, J. E . (1982): A General Theory of Exploitation and Class. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Roemer, J. E . (1983): Unequal Exchange, Labor Migration, and International Capital Flows: A Theoretical Synthesis. In: Desai, P. (ed.): Marxism, Central Planning and the Soviet Economy. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, pp. 34–60.
Roemer, J. E . (2008): Socialism vs Social Democracy as Income-Equalizing Institutions. Eastern Economic Journal, 34(1): 14–26.
Roemer, J. E . (2019): How We Cooperate. New Haven: Yale University Press.
Roemer, J. E. – Silvestre, J. (1993): The Proportional Solution for Economies with Both Private and Public Ownership. Journal of Economic Theory, 59(2): 426–444.
Samuelson, P. A. (1971): Understanding the Marxian Notion of Exploitation: A Summary of the So-Called Transformation Problem Between Marxian Values and Competitive Prices. Journal of Economic Literature, 9(2): 399–431.
Sasaki, R. (2021): Towards Understanding Marx’s Theory of Equilibrium and Prices of Production. In: Grassmann, T. – Hubmann, G. – Jakob, N. (eds): Marx-Engels-Jahrbuch 2019/20. Berlin, Boston: De Gruyter Akademie Forschung, pp. 135–157.
Schreyer, P. (2001): The OECD Productivity Manual: A Guide to the Measurement of Industry-Level and Aggregate Productivity. Unabridged version. International Productivity Monitor, 2: 37–51.
Sen, A. (1978): On the Labour Theory of Value: Some Methodological Issues. Cambridge Journal of Economics, 2(2): 175–190.
Sen, A. (1985): Commodities and Capabilities. Amsterdam: North Holland.
Shaikh, A. (1998): The Empirical Strength of the Labor Theory of Value. In: Bellofiore, R. (ed.): Marxian Economics: A Reappraisal . Vol. 2. New York: St. Martin’s Press.
Shaikh, A. (2016): Capitalism: Competition, Conflict, Crises .New York: Oxford University Press.
Skillman, G. L. (1995): Ne Hic Saltaveris: The Marxian Theory of Exploitation after Roemer. Economics and Philosophy, 11(2): 309–331.
Skillman, G. L. (2014): Capitalist Exploitation without Capitalist Production: The Consequences of Imperfect Contracting. Journal of Theoretical Politics, 26(4): 629–652.
Skillman, G. L. (2017): Marx’s Capital through the Lens of Roemer’s General Theory (and vice-versa). Social Choice and Welfare, 49(3-4): 423–443.
Skillman, G. L. (2019): Redistribution and Persistent Exploitation in an Accumulation Economy with Decreasing Marginal Impatience. Review of Social Economy, 77(2): 184–207.
Smith, A. (2000): The Wealth of Nations. New York, NY: Random House, Inc. Modern Library Edition.
Tsoulfidis, L. – Maniatis, T. (2002): Values, Prices of Production and Market Prices: Some More Evidence from the Greek Economy. Cambridge Journal of Economics, 26(3): 359–369.
United Nations (1968): A System of National Accounts. New York: Studies in Methods, Series F, No. 2, Rev. 3.
Veneziani, R. (2007): Exploitation and Time. Journal of Economic Theory, 132(1): 189–207.
Veneziani, R. (2013): Exploitation, Inequality, and Power. Journal of Theoretical Politics, 25(4): 526–545.
Veneziani, R. – Yoshihara, N. (2010): Exploitation and Productiveness: The Generalised Commodity Exploitation Theorem Once Again. Bulletin of Political Economy, 4(1): 45–58.
Veneziani, R. – Yoshihara, N. (2013): Exploitation of Labour and Exploitation of Commodities: A ‘New Interpretation’. Review of Radical Political Economics, 45(4): 517–524.
Veneziani, R. – Yoshihara, N. (2015a): Exploitation in Economies with Heterogeneous Preferences, Skills and Assets: An Axiomatic Approach. Journal of Theoretical Politics, 27(1): 8–33.
Veneziani, R. – Yoshihara, N. (2015b): Unequal Exchange, Assets, and Power: Recent Developments in Exploitation Theory. In: Binder, C. – Codognato, G. – Teschl, M. – Xu,Y. (eds): Individual and Collective Choice and Social Welfare. Berlin: Springer, pp. 253–287.
Veneziani, R. – Yoshihara, N. (2017): One Million Miles to Go: Taking the Axiomatic Road to Defining Exploitation. Cambridge Journal of Economics, 41(6): 517–524.
Veneziani, R. – Yoshihara, N. (2018): The Theory of Exploitation as the Unequal Exchange of Labour. Economics and Philosophy, 34(3): 381–409.
Yoshihara, N. (2010): Class and Exploitation in General Convex Cone Economies. Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization, 75(2): 281–296.
Yoshihara, N. (2017): A Progress Report on Marxian Economic Theory: On the Controversies in Exploitation Theory since Okishio. Journal of Economic Surveys, 31(2): 632–659.
Yoshihara, N. (2021): On the Labor Theory of Value as the Basis for the Analysis of Economic Inequality in the Capitalist Economy. The Japanese Political Economy, 47(2–3): 190– 212.