Cholecystokinin (CCK) is a neuropeptide that is (among others) reportedly involved in the pathophysiology of psychiatric disorders. The excitatory role of CCK in negative affective emotions as well as in aversive reactions, antisocial behaviors and memories, has been indicated by numerous electrophysiological, neurochemical and behavioral methodologies on both animal models for anxiety and human studies. The current review article summarizes the existing experimental evidence with regards to the role of CCK in the induction of aggressive behavior, and: (a) synopsizes the anatomical circuits through which it could potentially mediate all types of aggressive behavior, as well as (b) highlights the potential use of these experimental evidence in the current research quest for the clinical treatment of mood and anxiety disorders.
Abelson JL, Nesse RM: Pentagastrin infusions in patients with panic disorder. I. Symptoms and cardiovascular responses. Biol. Psychiatry 36, 73–83 (1994)
Nesse RM , 'Pentagastrin infusions in patients with panic disorder. I. Symptoms and cardiovascular responses ' (1994 ) 36 Biol. Psychiatry : 73 -83.
Abramov U, Raud S, Kõks S, Innos J, Kurrikoff K, Matsui T, Vasar E: Targeted mutation of CCK2 receptor gene antagonises behavioural changes induced by social isolation in female, but not in male mice. Behav. Brain Res. 155, 1–11 (2004)
Vasar E , 'Targeted mutation of CCK2 receptor gene antagonises behavioural changes induced by social isolation in female, but not in male mice ' (2004 ) 155 Behav. Brain Res. : 1 -11.
Adamec R: Transmitter systems involved in neural plasticity underlying increased anxiety and defense — implications for understanding anxiety following traumatic stress. Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev. 21, 755–765 (1997)
Adamec R , 'Transmitter systems involved in neural plasticity underlying increased anxiety and defense — implications for understanding anxiety following traumatic stress ' (1997 ) 21 Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev. : 755 -765.
Adamec RE, Shallow T, Budgell J: Blockade of CCKB but not CCKA receptors before and after the stress of predator exposure prevents lasting increases in anxiety-like behavior: implications for anxiety associated with posttraumatic stress disorder. Behav. Neurosci. 111, 435–449 (1997)
Budgell J , 'Blockade of CCKB but not CCKA receptors before and after the stress of predator exposure prevents lasting increases in anxiety-like behavior: implications for anxiety associated with posttraumatic stress disorder ' (1997 ) 111 Behav. Neurosci. : 435 -449.
Agnati LF, Fuxe K, Giardino L, Calza L, Zoli M, Battistini N, Benfenati F, Vanderhaeghen JJ, Guidolin D, Ruggeri M et al.: Evidence for cholecystokinin-dopamine receptor interactions in the central nervous system of the adult and old rat. Studies on their functional meaning. Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 448, 315–333 (1985)
Ruggeri M , 'Evidence for cholecystokinin-dopamine receptor interactions in the central nervous system of the adult and old rat. Studies on their functional meaning ' (1985 ) 448 Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. : 315 -333.
Allikmets L, Vasar E: Adaptational changes in GABA, benzodiazepine and cholecystokinin receptors elicited by long-term haloperidol administration. Sov. Med. Rev. G. Neuropharm. 1, 101–126 (1990)
Vasar E , 'Adaptational changes in GABA, benzodiazepine and cholecystokinin receptors elicited by long-term haloperidol administration ' (1990 ) 1 Sov. Med. Rev. G. Neuropharm. : 101 -126.
Aluoja A, Shlik J, Vasar V, Kingisepp PH, Jagomägi K, Vasar E, Bradwejn J: Emotional and cognitive factors connected with response to cholecystokinin tetrapeptide in healthy volunteers. Psychiatry Res. 66, 59–67 (1997)
Bradwejn J , 'Emotional and cognitive factors connected with response to cholecystokinin tetrapeptide in healthy volunteers ' (1997 ) 66 Psychiatry Res. : 59 -67.
Becker C, Thièbot MH, Touitou Y, Hamon M, Cesselin F, Benoliel JJ: Enhanced cortical extracellular levels of cholecystokinin-like material in a model of anticipation of social defeat in the rat. J. Neurosci. 21, 262–269 (2001)
Benoliel JJ , 'Enhanced cortical extracellular levels of cholecystokinin-like material in a model of anticipation of social defeat in the rat ' (2001 ) 21 J. Neurosci. : 262 -269.
Becker C, Zeau B, Rivat C, Blugeot A, Hamon M, Benoliel JJ: Repeated social defeat-induced depression-like behavioral and biological alterations in rats: involvement of cholecystokinin. Mol. Psychiatry 13, 1079–1092 (2008)
Benoliel JJ , 'Repeated social defeat-induced depression-like behavioral and biological alterations in rats: involvement of cholecystokinin ' (2008 ) 13 Mol. Psychiatry : 1079 -1092.
Beinfeld MC, Meyer DK, Eskay RL, Jensen RT, Brownstein MJ: The distribution of cholecystokinin immunoreactivity in the central nervous system of the rat as determined by radioimmunoassay. Brain Res. 212, 51–57 (1981)
Brownstein MJ , 'The distribution of cholecystokinin immunoreactivity in the central nervous system of the rat as determined by radioimmunoassay ' (1981 ) 212 Brain Res. : 51 -57.
Beinfeld MC: An introduction to neuronal cholecystokinin. Peptides 22, 1197–1200 (2001)
Beinfeld MC , 'An introduction to neuronal cholecystokinin ' (2001 ) 22 Peptides : 1197 -1200.
Bhatnagar S, Viau V, Chu A, Soriano L, Meijer OC, Dallman MF: A cholecystokinin-mediated pathway to the paraventricular thalamus is recruited in chronically stressed rats and regulates hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal function. J. Neurosci. 20, 5564–5573 (2000)
Dallman MF , 'A cholecystokinin-mediated pathway to the paraventricular thalamus is recruited in chronically stressed rats and regulates hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal function ' (2000 ) 20 J. Neurosci. : 5564 -5573.
Biró E, Sarnyai Z, Penke B, Szabó G, Telegdy G: Role of endogenous corticotropin-releasing factor in mediation of neuroendocrine and behavioral responses to cholecystokinin octapeptide sulfate ester in rats. Neuroendocrinology 57, 340–345 (1993)
Telegdy G , 'Role of endogenous corticotropin-releasing factor in mediation of neuroendocrine and behavioral responses to cholecystokinin octapeptide sulfate ester in rats ' (1993 ) 57 Neuroendocrinology : 340 -345.
Blair RJ: The roles of orbital frontal cortex in the modulation of antisocial behavior. Brain Cogn. 55, 198–208 (2004)
Blair RJ , 'The roles of orbital frontal cortex in the modulation of antisocial behavior ' (2004 ) 55 Brain Cogn. : 198 -208.
Bowers ME, Choi DC, Ressler KJ: Neuropeptide regulation of fear and anxiety: Implications of cholecystokinin, endogenous opioids, and neuropeptide Y. Physiol. Behav. 107, 699–710 (2012)
Ressler KJ , 'Neuropeptide regulation of fear and anxiety: Implications of cholecystokinin, endogenous opioids, and neuropeptide Y ' (2012 ) 107 Physiol. Behav. : 699 -710.
Bradwejn J, Koszycki D, Couëtoux du Tertre A, van Megen H, den Boer J, Westenberg H: The panicogenic effects of cholecystokinin-tetrapeptide are antagonized by L-365,260, a central cholecystokinin receptor antagonist, in patients with panic disorder. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 51, 486–493 (1994)
Westenberg H , 'The panicogenic effects of cholecystokinin-tetrapeptide are antagonized by L-365,260, a central cholecystokinin receptor antagonist, in patients with panic disorder ' (1994 ) 51 Arch. Gen. Psychiatry : 486 -493.
Bradwejn J, Koszycki D, Meterissian G: Cholecystokinin-tetrapeptide induces panic attacks in patients with panic disorder. Can. J. Psychiatry 35, 83–85 (1990)
Meterissian G , 'Cholecystokinin-tetrapeptide induces panic attacks in patients with panic disorder ' (1990 ) 35 Can. J. Psychiatry : 83 -85.
Bradwejn J, Koszycki D, Paradis M, Reece P, Hinton J, Sedman A: Effect of CI-988 on cholecystokinin tetrapeptide-induced panic symptoms in healthy volunteers. Biol. Psychiatry 38, 742–746 (1995)
Sedman A , 'Effect of CI-988 on cholecystokinin tetrapeptide-induced panic symptoms in healthy volunteers ' (1995 ) 38 Biol. Psychiatry : 742 -746.
Bradwejn J, Koszycki D, Shriqui C: Enhanced sensitivity to cholecystokinin tetrapeptide in panic disorder. Clinical and behavioral findings. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 48, 603–610 (1991)
Shriqui C , 'Enhanced sensitivity to cholecystokinin tetrapeptide in panic disorder. Clinical and behavioral findings ' (1991 ) 48 Arch. Gen. Psychiatry : 603 -610.
Brodin K, Rosén A, Iwarsson K, Ogren SO, Brodin E: Increased levels of substance P and cholecystokinin in rat cerebral cortex following repeated electroconvulsive shock and subchronic treatment with a serotonin uptake inhibitor. Acta Physiol. Scand. 136, 613–614 (1989)
Brodin E , 'Increased levels of substance P and cholecystokinin in rat cerebral cortex following repeated electroconvulsive shock and subchronic treatment with a serotonin uptake inhibitor ' (1989 ) 136 Acta Physiol. Scand. : 613 -614.
Burgdorf J, Panksepp J, Beinfeld MC, Kroes RA, Moskal JR: Regional brain cholecystokinin changes as a function of rough-and-tumble play behavior in adolescent rats. Peptides 27, 172–177 (2006)
Moskal JR , 'Regional brain cholecystokinin changes as a function of rough-and-tumble play behavior in adolescent rats ' (2006 ) 27 Peptides : 172 -177.
Coccaro EF, Bergeman CS, Kavoussi RJ, Seroczynski AD: Heritability of aggression and irritability: a twin study of the Buss-Durkee aggression scales in adult male subjects. Biol. Psychiatry 41, 273–284 (1997)
Seroczynski AD , 'Heritability of aggression and irritability: a twin study of the Buss-Durkee aggression scales in adult male subjects ' (1997 ) 41 Biol. Psychiatry : 273 -284.
Cohen H, Kaplan Z, Kotler M: CCK-antagonists in a rat exposed to acute stress: implication for anxiety associated with post-traumatic stress disorder. Depress. Anxiety 10, 8–17 (1999)
Kotler M , 'CCK-antagonists in a rat exposed to acute stress: implication for anxiety associated with post-traumatic stress disorder ' (1999 ) 10 Depress. Anxiety : 8 -17.
Crawley JN, Hommer DW, Skirboll LR: Topographical analysis of nucleus accumbens sites at which cholecystokinin potentiates dopamine-induced hyperlocomotion in the rat. Brain Res. 335, 337–341 (1985)
Skirboll LR , 'Topographical analysis of nucleus accumbens sites at which cholecystokinin potentiates dopamine-induced hyperlocomotion in the rat ' (1985 ) 335 Brain Res. : 337 -341.
Crawley JN, Stivers JA, Blumstein LK, Paul SM: Cholecystokinin potentiates dopamine-mediated behaviors: evidence for modulation specific to a site of coexistence. J. Neurosci. 5, 1972–1983 (1985)
Paul SM , 'Cholecystokinin potentiates dopamine-mediated behaviors: evidence for modulation specific to a site of coexistence ' (1985 ) 5 J. Neurosci. : 1972 -1983.
Crawley JN: Cholecystokinin-dopamine interactions. Trends Pharmacol. Sci. 12, 232–236 (1991)
Crawley JN , 'Cholecystokinin-dopamine interactions ' (1991 ) 12 Trends Pharmacol. Sci. : 232 -236.
Crawley JN: Subtype-selective cholecystokinin receptor antagonists block cholecystokinin modulation of dopamine-mediated behaviors in the rat mesolimbic pathway. J. Neurosci. 12, 3380–3391 (1992)
Crawley JN , 'Subtype-selective cholecystokinin receptor antagonists block cholecystokinin modulation of dopamine-mediated behaviors in the rat mesolimbic pathway ' (1992 ) 12 J. Neurosci. : 3380 -3391.
Daugé V, Beslot F, Matsui T, Roques BP: Mutant mice lacking the cholecystokinin 2 receptor show a dopaminedependent hyperactivity and a behavioral sensitization to morphine. Neurosci. Lett. 306, 41–44 (2001)
Roques BP , 'Mutant mice lacking the cholecystokinin 2 receptor show a dopaminedependent hyperactivity and a behavioral sensitization to morphine ' (2001 ) 306 Neurosci. Lett. : 41 -44.
Daugé V, Léna I: CCK in anxiety and cognitive processes. Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev. 22, 815–825 (1998)
Léna I , 'CCK in anxiety and cognitive processes ' (1998 ) 22 Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev. : 815 -825.
Daugé V, Sebret A, Beslot F, Matsui T, Roques BP: Behavioral profile of CCK2 receptor-deficient mice. Neuropsychopharmacology 25, 690–698 (2001)
Roques BP , 'Behavioral profile of CCK2 receptor-deficient mice ' (2001 ) 25 Neuropsychopharmacology : 690 -698.
de Montigny C: Cholecystokinin tetrapeptide induces panic-like attacks in healthy volunteers. Preliminary findings. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 46, 511–517 (1989)
Montigny C , 'Cholecystokinin tetrapeptide induces panic-like attacks in healthy volunteers. Preliminary findings ' (1989 ) 46 Arch. Gen. Psychiatry : 511 -517.
Del Bel EA, Guimarães FS: Social isolation increases cholecystokinin mRNA in the central nervous system of rats. Neuroreport 8, 3597–3600 (1997)
Guimarães FS , 'Social isolation increases cholecystokinin mRNA in the central nervous system of rats ' (1997 ) 8 Neuroreport : 3597 -3600.
Dornan WA, Malsbury CW: Peptidergic control of male rat sexual behavior: the effects of intracerebral injections of substance P and cholecystokinin. Physiol. Behav. 46, 547–556 (1989)
Malsbury CW , 'Peptidergic control of male rat sexual behavior: the effects of intracerebral injections of substance P and cholecystokinin ' (1989 ) 46 Physiol. Behav. : 547 -556.
Feldman RS, Meyer JS, Quenzer LF (1997): Principles of Neuropsychopharmacology. Sinauer Associates, Inc, Sunderland, MA, pp. 484–491
Quenzer LF , '', in Principles of Neuropsychopharmacology , (1997 ) -.
Fukamauchi F, Takahashi R: Regional effects of apomorphine on rat brain cholecystokinin-8 like immunoreactivity following electrolytic lesions of the ventral tegmental area. Neuropeptides 11, 63–67 (1988)
Takahashi R , 'Regional effects of apomorphine on rat brain cholecystokinin-8 like immunoreactivity following electrolytic lesions of the ventral tegmental area ' (1988 ) 11 Neuropeptides : 63 -67.
Giardino L, Bettelli C, Pozza M, Calzà L: Regulation of CCK mRNA expression in the rat brain by stress and treatment with sertraline, a selective serotonin re-uptake inhibitor. Brain Res. 824, 304–307 (1999)
Calzà L , 'Regulation of CCK mRNA expression in the rat brain by stress and treatment with sertraline, a selective serotonin re-uptake inhibitor ' (1999 ) 824 Brain Res. : 304 -307.
González-Hernández T, Rodríguez M: Compartmental organization and chemical profile of dopaminergic and GABAergic neurons in the substantia nigra of the rat. J. Comp. Neurol. 421, 107–135 (2000)
Rodríguez M , 'Compartmental organization and chemical profile of dopaminergic and GABAergic neurons in the substantia nigra of the rat ' (2000 ) 421 J. Comp. Neurol. : 107 -135.
Gregg TR, Siegel A: Brain structures and neurotransmitters regulating aggression in cats: implications for human aggression. Prog. Neuropsychopharmacol. Biol. Psychiatry 25, 91–140 (2001)
Siegel A , 'Brain structures and neurotransmitters regulating aggression in cats: implications for human aggression ' (2001 ) 25 Prog. Neuropsychopharmacol. Biol. Psychiatry : 91 -140.
Griebel G, Perrault G, Sanger DJ: CCK receptor antagonists in animal models of anxiety: comparison between exploration tests, conflict procedures and a model based on defensive behaviours. Behav. Pharmacol. 8, 549–560 (1997)
Sanger DJ , 'CCK receptor antagonists in animal models of anxiety: comparison between exploration tests, conflict procedures and a model based on defensive behaviours ' (1997 ) 8 Behav. Pharmacol. : 549 -560.
Griebel G: Is there a future for neuropeptide receptor ligands in the treatment of anxiety disorders? Pharmacol. Ther. 82, 1–61 (1999)
Griebel G , 'Is there a future for neuropeptide receptor ligands in the treatment of anxiety disorders? ' (1999 ) 82 Pharmacol. Ther. : 1 -61.
Harro J, Jossan SS, Oreland L: Changes in cholecystokinin receptor binding in rat brain after selective damage of locus coeruleus projections by DSP-4 treatment. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch. Pharmacol. 346, 425–431 (1992)
Oreland L , 'Changes in cholecystokinin receptor binding in rat brain after selective damage of locus coeruleus projections by DSP-4 treatment ' (1992 ) 346 Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch. Pharmacol. : 425 -431.
Harro J, Kiivet RA, Lang A, Vasar E: Rats with anxious or non-anxious type of exploratory behaviour differ in their brain CCK-8 and benzodiazepine receptor characteristics. Behav. Brain Res. 39, 63–71 (1990)
Vasar E , 'Rats with anxious or non-anxious type of exploratory behaviour differ in their brain CCK-8 and benzodiazepine receptor characteristics ' (1990 ) 39 Behav. Brain Res. : 63 -71.
Harro J, Löfberg C, Rehfeld JF, Oreland L: Cholecystokinin peptides and receptors in the rat brain during stress. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch. Pharmacol. 354, 59–66 (1996)
Oreland L , 'Cholecystokinin peptides and receptors in the rat brain during stress ' (1996 ) 354 Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch. Pharmacol. : 59 -66.
Harro J, Vasar E, Bradwejn J: CCK in animal and human research on anxiety. Trends Pharmacol. Sci. 14, 244–249 (1993)
Bradwejn J , 'CCK in animal and human research on anxiety ' (1993 ) 14 Trends Pharmacol. Sci. : 244 -249.
Hebb AL, Zacharko RM, Dominguez H, Laforest S, Gauthier M, Levac C, Drolet G: Changes in brain cholecystokinin and anxiety-like behavior following exposure of mice to predator odor. Neuroscience 116, 539–551 (2003)
Drolet G , 'Changes in brain cholecystokinin and anxiety-like behavior following exposure of mice to predator odor ' (2003 ) 116 Neuroscience : 539 -551.
Heidbreder CA, Weiss IC, Domeney AM, Pryce C, Homberg J, Hedou G, Feldon J, Moran MC, Nelson P: Behavioral, neurochemical and endocrinological characterization of the early social isolation syndrome. Neuroscience 100, 749–768 (2000)
Nelson P , 'Behavioral, neurochemical and endocrinological characterization of the early social isolation syndrome ' (2000 ) 100 Neuroscience : 749 -768.
Hökfelt T, Rehfeld JF, Skirboll L, Ivemark B, Goldstein M, Markey K: Evidence for coexistence of dopamine and CCK in meso-limbic neurones. Nature 285, 476–478 (1980)
Markey K , 'Evidence for coexistence of dopamine and CCK in meso-limbic neurones ' (1980 ) 285 Nature : 476 -478.
Iadarola MJ, Naranjo JR, Duchemin AM, Quach TT: Expression of cholecystokinin and enkephalin mRNA in discrete brain regions. Peptides 10, 687–692 (1989)
Quach TT , 'Expression of cholecystokinin and enkephalin mRNA in discrete brain regions ' (1989 ) 10 Peptides : 687 -692.
Jenck F, Martin JR, Moreau JL: Behavioral effects of CCKB receptor ligands in a validated simulation of panic anxiety in rats. Eur. Neuropsychopharmacol. 6, 291–298 (1996)
Moreau JL , 'Behavioral effects of CCKB receptor ligands in a validated simulation of panic anxiety in rats ' (1996 ) 6 Eur. Neuropsychopharmacol. : 291 -298.
Karler R, Calder LD, Chaudhry IA, Turkanis SA: Blockade of “reverse tolerance” to cocaine and amphetamine by MK-801. Life Sci. 45, 599–606 (1989)
Turkanis SA , 'Blockade of “reverse tolerance” to cocaine and amphetamine by MK-801 ' (1989 ) 45 Life Sci. : 599 -606.
Katsouni E, Sakkas P, Zarros A, Skandali N, Liapi C: The involvement of substance P in the induction of aggressive behavior. Peptides 30, 1586–1591 (2009)
Liapi C , 'The involvement of substance P in the induction of aggressive behavior ' (2009 ) 30 Peptides : 1586 -1591.
Kõks S, Männistö PT, Bourin M, Shlik J, Vasar V, Vasar E: Cholecystokinin-induced anxiety in rats: relevance of pre-experimental stress and seasonal variations. J. Psychiatry Neurosci. 25, 33–42 (2000)
Vasar E , 'Cholecystokinin-induced anxiety in rats: relevance of pre-experimental stress and seasonal variations ' (2000 ) 25 J. Psychiatry Neurosci. : 33 -42.
Kõks S, Volke V, Veraksits A, Rünkorg K, Sillat T, Abramov U, Bourin M, Huotari M, Männistö PT, Matsui T, Vasar E: Cholecystokinin 2 receptor-deficient mice display altered function of brain dopaminergic system. Psychopharmacology (Berl.) 158, 198–204 (2001)
Vasar E , 'Cholecystokinin 2 receptor-deficient mice display altered function of brain dopaminergic system ' (2001 ) 158 Psychopharmacology (Berl.) : 198 -204.
Koszycki D, Zacharko RM, Le Melledo JM, Young SN, Bradwejn J: Effect of acute tryptophan depletion on behavioral, cardiovascular, and hormonal sensitivity to cholecystokinin-tetrapeptide challenge in healthy volunteers. Biol. Psychiatry 40, 648–655 (1996)
Bradwejn J , 'Effect of acute tryptophan depletion on behavioral, cardiovascular, and hormonal sensitivity to cholecystokinin-tetrapeptide challenge in healthy volunteers ' (1996 ) 40 Biol. Psychiatry : 648 -655.
Lang A, Harro J, Soosaar A, Kõks S, Volke V, Oreland L, Bourin M, Vasar E, Bradwejn J, Männistö PT: Role of N-methyl-D-aspartic acid and cholecystokinin receptors in apomorphine-induced aggressive behaviour in rats. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch. Pharmacol. 351, 363–370 (1995)
Männistö PT , 'Role of N-methyl-D-aspartic acid and cholecystokinin receptors in apomorphine-induced aggressive behaviour in rats ' (1995 ) 351 Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch. Pharmacol. : 363 -370.
Lemaire M, Böhme GA, Piot O, Roques BP, Blanchard JC: CCK-A and CCK-B selective receptor agonists and antagonists modulate olfactory recognition in male rats. Psychopharmacology (Berl.) 115, 435–440 (1994)
Blanchard JC , 'CCK-A and CCK-B selective receptor agonists and antagonists modulate olfactory recognition in male rats ' (1994 ) 115 Psychopharmacology (Berl.) : 435 -440.
Lemaire M, Piot O, Roques BP, Böhme GA, Blanchard JC: Evidence for an endogenous cholecystokininergic balance in social memory. Neuroreport 3, 929–932 (1992)
Blanchard JC , 'Evidence for an endogenous cholecystokininergic balance in social memory ' (1992 ) 3 Neuroreport : 929 -932.
Levy AD, Kim JJ, Ellison GD: Chronic amphetamine alters D-2 but not D-1 agonist-induced behavioral responses in rats. Life Sci. 43, 1207–1213 (1988)
Ellison GD , 'Chronic amphetamine alters D-2 but not D-1 agonist-induced behavioral responses in rats ' (1988 ) 43 Life Sci. : 1207 -1213.
Luo B, Cheu JW, Siegel A: Cholecystokinin B receptors in the periaqueductal gray potentiate defensive rage behavior elicited from the medial hypothalamus of the cat. Brain Res. 796, 27–37 (1998)
Siegel A , 'Cholecystokinin B receptors in the periaqueductal gray potentiate defensive rage behavior elicited from the medial hypothalamus of the cat ' (1998 ) 796 Brain Res. : 27 -37.
Marshall FH, Barnes S, Hughes J, Woodruff GN, Hunter JC: Cholecystokinin modulates the release of dopamine from the anterior and posterior nucleus accumbens by two different mechanisms. J. Neurochem. 56, 917–922 (1991)
Hunter JC , 'Cholecystokinin modulates the release of dopamine from the anterior and posterior nucleus accumbens by two different mechanisms ' (1991 ) 56 J. Neurochem. : 917 -922.
Mattingly BA, Rowlett JK, Graff JT, Hatton BJ: Effects of selective D1 and D2 dopamine antagonists on the development of behavioral sensitization to apomorphine. Psychopharmacology (Berl.) 105, 501–507 (1991)
Hatton BJ , 'Effects of selective D1 and D2 dopamine antagonists on the development of behavioral sensitization to apomorphine ' (1991 ) 105 Psychopharmacology (Berl.) : 501 -507.
Meloy JR: Empirical basis and forensic application of affective and predatory violence. Aust. N. Z. J. Psychiatry 40, 539–547 (2006)
Meloy JR , 'Empirical basis and forensic application of affective and predatory violence ' (2006 ) 40 Aust. N. Z. J. Psychiatry : 539 -547.
Miyasaka K, Ichikawa M, Ohta M, Kanai S, Yoshida Y, Masuda M, Nagata A, Matsui T, Noda T, Takiguchi S, Takata Y, Kawanami T, Funakoshi A: Energy metabolism and turnover are increased in mice lacking the cholecystokinin-B receptor. J. Nutr. 132, 739–741 (2002)
Funakoshi A , 'Energy metabolism and turnover are increased in mice lacking the cholecystokinin-B receptor ' (2002 ) 132 J. Nutr. : 739 -741.
Molina-Hernandez M, Tellez-Alcantara P, Perez-Garcia J: Isolation rearing induced fear-like behavior without affecting learning abilities of Wistar rats. Prog. Neuropsychopharmacol. Biol. Psychiatry 25, 1111–1123 (2001)
Perez-Garcia J , 'Isolation rearing induced fear-like behavior without affecting learning abilities of Wistar rats ' (2001 ) 25 Prog. Neuropsychopharmacol. Biol. Psychiatry : 1111 -1123.
Moran TH, Robinson PH, Goldrich MS, McHugh PR: Two brain cholecystokinin receptors: implications for behavioral actions. Brain Res. 362, 175–179 (1986)
McHugh PR , 'Two brain cholecystokinin receptors: implications for behavioral actions ' (1986 ) 362 Brain Res. : 175 -179.
Moroji T, Hagino Y: A behavioral pharmacological study on CCK-8 related peptides in mice. Neuropeptides 8, 273–286 (1986)
Hagino Y , 'A behavioral pharmacological study on CCK-8 related peptides in mice ' (1986 ) 8 Neuropeptides : 273 -286.
Nelson RJ, Chiavegatto S: Aggression in knockout mice. ILAR J. 41, 153–162 (2000)
Chiavegatto S , 'Aggression in knockout mice ' (2000 ) 41 ILAR J. : 153 -162.
Nelson RJ, Chiavegatto S: Molecular basis of aggression. Trends Neurosci. 24, 713–719 (2001)
Chiavegatto S , 'Molecular basis of aggression ' (2001 ) 24 Trends Neurosci. : 713 -719.
Netto CF, Guimarães FS: Anxiogenic effect of cholecystokinin in the dorsal periaqueductal gray. Neuropsychopharmacology 29, 101–107 (2004)
Guimarães FS , 'Anxiogenic effect of cholecystokinin in the dorsal periaqueductal gray ' (2004 ) 29 Neuropsychopharmacology : 101 -107.
Noble F, Wank SA, Crawley JN, Bradwejn J, Seroogy KB, Hamon M, Roques BP: International Union of Pharmacology. XXI. Structure, distribution, and functions of cholecystokinin receptors. Pharmacol. Rev. 51, 745–781 (1999)
Roques BP , 'International Union of Pharmacology. XXI. Structure, distribution, and functions of cholecystokinin receptors ' (1999 ) 51 Pharmacol. Rev. : 745 -781.
Panksepp J, Burgdorf J, Beinfeld MC, Kroes RA, Moskal JR: Brain regional neuropeptide changes resulting from social defeat. Behav. Neurosci. 121, 1364–1371 (2007)
Moskal JR , 'Brain regional neuropeptide changes resulting from social defeat ' (2007 ) 121 Behav. Neurosci. : 1364 -1371.
Panksepp J, Burgdorf J, Beinfeld MC, Kroes RA, Moskal JR: Regional brain cholecystokinin changes as a function of friendly and aggressive social interactions in rats. Brain Res. 1025, 75–84 (2004)
Moskal JR , 'Regional brain cholecystokinin changes as a function of friendly and aggressive social interactions in rats ' (2004 ) 1025 Brain Res. : 75 -84.
Panksepp J (1998): Affective Neuroscience: The Foundations of Human and Animal Emotions. Oxford University Press, New York
Panksepp J , '', in Affective Neuroscience: The Foundations of Human and Animal Emotions , (1998 ) -.
Pommier B, Beslot F, Simon A, Pophillat M, Matsui T, Dauge V, Roques BP, Noble F: Deletion of CCK2 receptor in mice results in an upregulation of the endogenous opioid system. J. Neurosci. 22, 2005–2011 (2002)
Noble F , 'Deletion of CCK2 receptor in mice results in an upregulation of the endogenous opioid system ' (2002 ) 22 J. Neurosci. : 2005 -2011.
Porreca F, Cowan A, Tallarida RJ: Differentiation of apomorphine from bromocriptine, piribidel and TRH by chronic administration in rats. Psychopharmacology (Berl.) 76, 70–74 (1982)
Tallarida RJ , 'Differentiation of apomorphine from bromocriptine, piribidel and TRH by chronic administration in rats ' (1982 ) 76 Psychopharmacology (Berl.) : 70 -74.
Radu D, Brodin E, Weber G, Lindefors N: Delayed stress-induced increase in tissue level of cholecystokinin in rat prefrontal cortex: modulation by microdialysis probe implantation and systemic ketamine. Brain Res. 908, 197–203 (2001)
Lindefors N , 'Delayed stress-induced increase in tissue level of cholecystokinin in rat prefrontal cortex: modulation by microdialysis probe implantation and systemic ketamine ' (2001 ) 908 Brain Res. : 197 -203.
Rasmussen K, Stockton ME, Czachura JF, Howbert JJ: Cholecystokinin (CCK) and schizophrenia: the selective CCKB antagonist LY262691 decreases midbrain dopamine unit activity. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 209, 135–138 (1991)
Howbert JJ , 'Cholecystokinin (CCK) and schizophrenia: the selective CCKB antagonist LY262691 decreases midbrain dopamine unit activity ' (1991 ) 209 Eur. J. Pharmacol. : 135 -138.
Rasmussen K: CCK, schizophrenia, and anxiety. CCK-B antagonists inhibit the activity of brain dopamine neurons. Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 713, 300–311 (1994)
Rasmussen K , 'CCK, schizophrenia, and anxiety. CCK-B antagonists inhibit the activity of brain dopamine neurons ' (1994 ) 713 Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. : 300 -311.
Raud S, Rünkorg K, Veraksits A, Reimets A, Nelovkov A, Abramov U, Matsui T, Bourin M, Volke V, Kõks S, Vasar E: Targeted mutation of CCK2 receptor gene modifies the behavioural effects of diazepam in female mice. Psychopharmacology (Berl.) 168, 417–425 (2003)
Vasar E , 'Targeted mutation of CCK2 receptor gene modifies the behavioural effects of diazepam in female mice ' (2003 ) 168 Psychopharmacology (Berl.) : 417 -425.
Ravard S, Dourish CT: Cholecystokinin and anxiety. Trends Pharmacol. Sci. 11, 271–273 (1990)
Dourish CT , 'Cholecystokinin and anxiety ' (1990 ) 11 Trends Pharmacol. Sci. : 271 -273.
Rehfeld JF: Cholecystokinin and panic disorder-three unsettled questions. Regul. Pept. 93, 79–83 (2000)
Rehfeld JF , 'Cholecystokinin and panic disorder-three unsettled questions ' (2000 ) 93 Regul. Pept. : 79 -83.
Seroczynski AD, Bergeman CS, Coccaro EF: Etiology of the impulsivity/aggression relationship: genes or environment? Psychiatry Res. 86, 41–57 (1999)
Coccaro EF , 'Etiology of the impulsivity/aggression relationship: genes or environment? ' (1999 ) 86 Psychiatry Res. : 41 -57.
Shayit M, Weller A: Cholecystokinin receptor antagonists increase the rat pup’s preference toward maternalodor and rug texture. Dev. Psychobiol. 38, 164–173 (2001)
Weller A , 'Cholecystokinin receptor antagonists increase the rat pup’s preference toward maternalodor and rug texture ' (2001 ) 38 Dev. Psychobiol. : 164 -173.
Shevelkin AV: Facilitation of defense reactions during the consumption of food in snails: the participation of glucose and gastrin/cholecystokinin-like peptide. Neurosci. Behav. Physiol. 24, 115–124 (1994)
Shevelkin AV , 'Facilitation of defense reactions during the consumption of food in snails: the participation of glucose and gastrin/cholecystokinin-like peptide ' (1994 ) 24 Neurosci. Behav. Physiol. : 115 -124.
Shlik J, Aluoja A, Vasar V, Vasar E, Podar T, Bradwejn J: Effects of citalopram treatment on behavioural, cardiovascular and neuroendocrine response to cholecystokinin tetrapeptide challenge in patients with panic disorder. J. Psychiatry Neurosci. 22, 332–340 (1997)
Bradwejn J , 'Effects of citalopram treatment on behavioural, cardiovascular and neuroendocrine response to cholecystokinin tetrapeptide challenge in patients with panic disorder ' (1997 ) 22 J. Psychiatry Neurosci. : 332 -340.
Shlik J, Vasar E, Bradwejn J: Cholecystokinin and psychiatric disorders: role in aetiology and potential of receptor antagonists in therapy. CNS Drugs 8, 134–152 (1997)
Bradwejn J , 'Cholecystokinin and psychiatric disorders: role in aetiology and potential of receptor antagonists in therapy ' (1997 ) 8 CNS Drugs : 134 -152.
Siegel A, Bhatt S, Bhatt R, Zalcman SS: The neurobiological bases for development of pharmacological treatments of aggressive disorders. Curr. Neuropharmacol. 5, 135–147 (2007)
Zalcman SS , 'The neurobiological bases for development of pharmacological treatments of aggressive disorders ' (2007 ) 5 Curr. Neuropharmacol. : 135 -147.
Siegel A, Roeling TA, Gregg TR, Kruk MR: Neuropharmacology of brain-stimulation-evoked aggression. Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev. 23, 359–389 (1999)
Kruk MR , 'Neuropharmacology of brain-stimulation-evoked aggression ' (1999 ) 23 Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev. : 359 -389.
Siegel A (2005): The Neurobiology of Aggression and Rage. CRC Press, Boca Raton
Siegel A , '', in The Neurobiology of Aggression and Rage , (2005 ) -.
Siegel RA, Düker EM, Pahnke U, Wuttke W: Stress-induced changes in cholecystokinin and substance P concentrations in discrete regions of the rat hypothalamus. Neuroendocrinology 46, 75–81 (1987)
Wuttke W , 'Stress-induced changes in cholecystokinin and substance P concentrations in discrete regions of the rat hypothalamus ' (1987 ) 46 Neuroendocrinology : 75 -81.
Siever LJ: Neurobiology of aggression and violence. Am. J. Psychiatry 165, 429–442 (2008)
Siever LJ , 'Neurobiology of aggression and violence ' (2008 ) 165 Am. J. Psychiatry : 429 -442.
Sitthisomwong P, Weiner S, Levin L, Reisman S, Siegel A: The effect of a cholecystokinin agonist on masseter muscle activity in the cat. J. Dent. Res. 79, 1823–1828 (2000)
Siegel A , 'The effect of a cholecystokinin agonist on masseter muscle activity in the cat ' (2000 ) 79 J. Dent. Res. : 1823 -1828.
Strott CA: Sulfonation and molecular action. Endocr. Rev. 23, 703–732 (2002)
Strott CA , 'Sulfonation and molecular action ' (2002 ) 23 Endocr. Rev. : 703 -732.
Studler JM, Reibaud M, Herve D, Blanc G, Glowinski J, Tassin JP: Opposite effects of sulfated cholecystokinin on DA-sensitive adenylate cyclase in two areas of the rat nucleus accumbens. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 126, 125–128 (1986)
Tassin JP , 'Opposite effects of sulfated cholecystokinin on DA-sensitive adenylate cyclase in two areas of the rat nucleus accumbens ' (1986 ) 126 Eur. J. Pharmacol. : 125 -128.
Swerdlow NR, van der Kooy D, Koob GF, Wenger JR: Cholecystokinin produces conditioned place-aversions, not place-preferences, in food-deprived rats: evidence against involvement in satiety. Life Sci. 32, 2087–2093 (1983)
Wenger JR , 'Cholecystokinin produces conditioned place-aversions, not place-preferences, in food-deprived rats: evidence against involvement in satiety ' (1983 ) 32 Life Sci. : 2087 -2093.
Vaccarino FJ, Rankin J: Nucleus accumbens cholecystokinin (CCK) can either attenuate or potentiate amphetamine-induced locomotor activity: evidence for rostral-caudal differences in accumbens CCK function. Behav. Neurosci. 103, 831–836 (1989)
Rankin J , 'Nucleus accumbens cholecystokinin (CCK) can either attenuate or potentiate amphetamine-induced locomotor activity: evidence for rostral-caudal differences in accumbens CCK function ' (1989 ) 103 Behav. Neurosci. : 831 -836.
Van Kampen J, Frydryszak H, Stoessl AJ: Behavioural evidence for cholecystokinin-dopamine D1 receptor interactions in the rat. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 298, 7–15 (1996)
Stoessl AJ , 'Behavioural evidence for cholecystokinin-dopamine D1 receptor interactions in the rat ' (1996 ) 298 Eur. J. Pharmacol. : 7 -15.
van Megen HJ, Westenberg HG, den Boer JA, Kahn RS: Cholecystokinin in anxiety. Eur. Neuropsychopharmacol. 6, 263–280 (1996)
Kahn RS , 'Cholecystokinin in anxiety ' (1996 ) 6 Eur. Neuropsychopharmacol. : 263 -280.
van Megen HJ, Westenberg HG, Den Boer JA, Kahn RS: The panic-inducing properties of the cholecystokinin tetrapeptide CCK4 in patients with panic disorder. Eur. Neuropsychopharmacol. 6, 187–194 (1996)
Kahn RS , 'The panic-inducing properties of the cholecystokinin tetrapeptide CCK4 in patients with panic disorder ' (1996 ) 6 Eur. Neuropsychopharmacol. : 187 -194.
Vasar E, Peuranen E, Harro J, Lang A, Oreland L, Männistö PT: Social isolation of rats increases the density of cholecystokinin receptors in the frontal cortex and abolishes the anti-exploratory effect of caerulein. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch. Pharmacol. 348, 96–101 (1993)
Männistö PT , 'Social isolation of rats increases the density of cholecystokinin receptors in the frontal cortex and abolishes the anti-exploratory effect of caerulein ' (1993 ) 348 Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch. Pharmacol. : 96 -101.
Vasar E, Soosaar A, Harro J, Lang A: Changes at cholecystokinin receptors induced by long-term treatment with diazepam and haloperidol. Eur. Neuropsychopharmacol. 2, 447–454 (1992)
Lang A , 'Changes at cholecystokinin receptors induced by long-term treatment with diazepam and haloperidol ' (1992 ) 2 Eur. Neuropsychopharmacol. : 447 -454.
Vasar EE, Maimets MO, Allikmets LKh: Role of serotonin 2 receptors in regulating aggressive behavior. Zh. Vyssh. Nerv. Deiat. Im. I P Pavlova 34, 283–289 (1984)
Allikmets L , 'Role of serotonin 2 receptors in regulating aggressive behavior ' (1984 ) 34 Zh. Vyssh. Nerv. Deiat. Im. I P Pavlova : 283 -289.
Wang H, Zhu YZ, Wong PT, Farook JM, Teo AL, Lee LK, Moochhala S: cDNA microarray analysis of gene expression in anxious PVG and SD rats after cat-freezing test. Exp. Brain Res. 149, 413–421 (2003)
Moochhala S , 'cDNA microarray analysis of gene expression in anxious PVG and SD rats after cat-freezing test ' (2003 ) 149 Exp. Brain Res. : 413 -421.
Wiertelak EP, Maier SF, Watkins LR: Cholecystokinin antianalgesia: safety cues abolish morphine analgesia. Science 256, 830–833 (1992)
Watkins LR , 'Cholecystokinin antianalgesia: safety cues abolish morphine analgesia ' (1992 ) 256 Science : 830 -833.
Wunderlich GR, DeSousa NJ, Vaccarino FJ: Cholecystokinin modulates both the development and the expression of behavioral sensitization to amphetamine in the rat. Psychopharmacology (Berl.) 151, 283–290 (2000)
Vaccarino FJ , 'Cholecystokinin modulates both the development and the expression of behavioral sensitization to amphetamine in the rat ' (2000 ) 151 Psychopharmacology (Berl.) : 283 -290.
You ZB, Tzschentke TM, Brodin E, Wise RA: Electrical stimulation of the prefrontal cortex increases cholecystokinin, glutamate, and dopamine release in the nucleus accumbens: an in vivo microdialysis study in freely moving rats. J. Neurosci. 18, 6492–6500 (1998)
Wise RA , 'Electrical stimulation of the prefrontal cortex increases cholecystokinin, glutamate, and dopamine release in the nucleus accumbens: an in vivo microdialysis study in freely moving rats ' (1998 ) 18 J. Neurosci. : 6492 -6500.
Zetler G, Baumann GH: The cholecystokinin-like peptide, ceruletide, reduces isolation-induced aggression in mice. Neuropharmacology 25, 831–832 (1986)
Baumann GH , 'The cholecystokinin-like peptide, ceruletide, reduces isolation-induced aggression in mice ' (1986 ) 25 Neuropharmacology : 831 -832.
Zwanzger P, Domschke K, Bradwejn J: Neuronal network of panic disorder: the role of the neuropeptide cholecystokinin. Depress. Anxiety 29, 762–774 (2012)
Bradwejn J , 'Neuronal network of panic disorder: the role of the neuropeptide cholecystokinin ' (2012 ) 29 Depress. Anxiety : 762 -774.