Acta Physiologica Hungarica
Volume/Issue:
Volume 102: Issue 1
Cycle training induces muscle hypertrophy and strength gain: strategies and mechanisms
Authors:
Hayao Ozaki

Search for other papers by Hayao Ozaki in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed Close
,
J. Loenneke The University of Mississippi, University Department of Health, Exercise Science, and Recreation Management, School of Applied Science Oxford MS USA

Search for other papers by J. Loenneke in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed Close
,
R. Thiebaud Texas Wesleyan University Department of Kinesiology, School of Education Fort Worth TX USA

Search for other papers by R. Thiebaud in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed Close
, and
T. Abe The University of Mississippi, University Department of Health, Exercise Science, and Recreation Management, School of Applied Science Oxford MS USA

Search for other papers by T. Abe in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed Close
Pages:
1–22
Online Publication Date:
24 Mar 2015
Publication Date:
01 Mar 2015
Article Category:
Research Article
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1556/aphysiol.102.2015.1.1
Keywords (English):
aerobic exercise; muscular adaptation; lower body; cycling; ergometer
Restricted access

Cycle training is widely performed as a major part of any exercise program seeking to improve aerobic capacity and cardiovascular health. However, the effect of cycle training on muscle size and strength gain still requires further insight, even though it is known that professional cyclists display larger muscle size compared to controls. Therefore, the purpose of this review is to discuss the effects of cycle training on muscle size and strength of the lower extremity and the possible mechanisms for increasing muscle size with cycle training. It is plausible that cycle training requires a longer period to significantly increase muscle size compared to typical resistance training due to a much slower hypertrophy rate. Cycle training induces muscle hypertrophy similarly between young and older age groups, while strength gain seems to favor older adults, which suggests that the probability for improving in muscle quality appears to be higher in older adults compared to young adults. For young adults, higher-intensity intermittent cycling may be required to achieve strength gains. It also appears that muscle hypertrophy induced by cycle training results from the positive changes in muscle protein net balance.

  • Allemeier CA, Fry AC, Johnson P, Hikida RS, Hagerman FC, Staron RS: Effects of sprint cycle training on human skeletal muscle. J. Appl. Physiol. 77, 2385–2390 (1994)

    Staron RS , 'Effects of sprint cycle training on human skeletal muscle ' (1994 ) 77 J. Appl. Physiol. : 2385 -2390 .

    • Search Google Scholar

  • Andersen P, Henriksson J: Capillary supply of the quadriceps femoris muscle of man: adaptive response to exercise. J. Physiol. 270, 677–690 (1977)

    Henriksson J , 'Capillary supply of the quadriceps femoris muscle of man: adaptive response to exercise ' (1977 ) 270 J. Physiol. : 677 -690 .

    • Search Google Scholar

  • Baar K, Nader G, Bodine S: Resistance exercise, muscle loading/unloading and the control of muscle mass. Essays Biochem. 42, 61–74 (2006)

    Bodine S , 'Resistance exercise, muscle loading/unloading and the control of muscle mass ' (2006 ) 42 Essays Biochem. : 61 -74 .

    • Search Google Scholar

  • Belardinelli R, Georgiou D, Scocco V, Barstow TJ, Purcaro A: Low intensity exercise training in patients with chronic heart failure. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 26, 975–982 (1995)

    Purcaro A , 'Low intensity exercise training in patients with chronic heart failure ' (1995 ) 26 J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. : 975 -982 .

    • Search Google Scholar

  • Bell GJ, Syrotuik D, Martin TP, Burnham R, Quinney HA: Effect of concurrent strength and endurance training on skeletal muscle properties and hormone concentrations in humans. Eur. J. Appl. Physiol. 81, 418–427 (2000)

    Quinney HA , 'Effect of concurrent strength and endurance training on skeletal muscle properties and hormone concentrations in humans ' (2000 ) 81 Eur. J. Appl. Physiol. : 418 -427 .

    • Search Google Scholar

  • Bodine SC, Latres E, Baumhueter S, Lai VK, Nunez L, Clarke BA, Poueymirou WT, Panaro FJ, Na E, Dharmarajan K, Pan ZQ, Valenzuela DM, DeChiara TM, Stitt TN, Yancopoulos GD, Glass DJ: Identification of ubiquitin ligases required for skeletal muscle atrophy. Science 294, 1704–1708 (2001)

    Glass DJ , 'Identification of ubiquitin ligases required for skeletal muscle atrophy ' (2001 ) 294 Science : 1704 -1708 .

    • Search Google Scholar

  • Bouchla A, Karatzanos E, Dimopoulos S, Tasoulis A, Agapitou V, Diakos N, Tseliou E, Terrovitis J, Nanas S: The addition of strength training to aerobic interval training effects on muscle strength and body composition in CHF patients. J. Cardiopulm. Rehabil. Prev. 31, 47–51 (2011)

    Nanas S , 'The addition of strength training to aerobic interval training effects on muscle strength and body composition in CHF patients ' (2011 ) 31 J. Cardiopulm. Rehabil. Prev. : 47 -51 .

    • Search Google Scholar

  • Burd NA, Holwerda AM, Selby KC, West DWD, Staples AW, Cain NE, Cashaback JGA, Potvin JR, Baker SK, Phillips SM: Resistance exercise volume affects myofibrillar protein synthesis and anabolic signalling molecule phosphorylation in young men. J. Physiol. 588, 3119–3130 (2010)

    Phillips SM , 'Resistance exercise volume affects myofibrillar protein synthesis and anabolic signalling molecule phosphorylation in young men ' (2010 ) 588 J. Physiol. : 3119 -3130 .

    • Search Google Scholar

  • Burd NA, West DWD, Staples AW, Atherton PJ, Baker JM, Moore DR, Holwerda AM, Parise G, Rennie MJ, Baker SK, Phillips SM: Low-load high volume resistance exercise stimulates muscle protein synthesis more than high-load low volume resistance exercise in young men. Plos One 5, e12033 (2010)

    Phillips SM , 'Low-load high volume resistance exercise stimulates muscle protein synthesis more than high-load low volume resistance exercise in young men ' (2010 ) 5 Plos One : 12033 -.

    • Search Google Scholar

  • Busko K, Madej A, Mastalerz A: Changes of muscle torque after sprint and endurance training performed on the cycle ergometer. Biol. Sport 25, 275–294 (2008)

    Mastalerz A , 'Changes of muscle torque after sprint and endurance training performed on the cycle ergometer ' (2008 ) 25 Biol. Sport : 275 -294 .

    • Search Google Scholar

  • Cadore EL, Pinto RS, Lhullier FL, Correa CS, Alberton CL, Pinto SS, Almeida AP, Tartaruga MP, Silva EM, Kruel LF: Physiological effects of concurrent training in elderly men. Int. J. Sports Med. 31, 689–697 (2010)

    Kruel LF , 'Physiological effects of concurrent training in elderly men ' (2010 ) 31 Int. J. Sports Med. : 689 -697 .

    • Search Google Scholar

  • Carter SL, Rennie CD, Hamilton SJ, Tarnopolsky MA: Changes in skeletal muscle in males and females following endurance training. Can. J. Physiol. Pharmacol. 79, 386–392 (2001)

    Tarnopolsky MA , 'Changes in skeletal muscle in males and females following endurance training ' (2001 ) 79 Can. J. Physiol. Pharmacol. : 386 -392 .

    • Search Google Scholar

  • Charifi N, Kadi F, Feasson L, Denis C: Effects of endurance training on satellite cell frequency in skeletal muscle of old men. Muscle Nerve 28, 87–92 (2003)

    Denis C , 'Effects of endurance training on satellite cell frequency in skeletal muscle of old men ' (2003 ) 28 Muscle Nerve : 87 -92 .

    • Search Google Scholar

  • Delagardelle C, Feiereisen P, Autier P, Shita R, Krecke R, Beissel J: Strength/endurance training versus endurance training in congestive heart failure. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc. 34, 1868–1872 (2002)

    Beissel J , 'Strength/endurance training versus endurance training in congestive heart failure ' (2002 ) 34 Med. Sci. Sports Exerc. : 1868 -1872 .

    • Search Google Scholar

  • Denis C, Chatard JC, Dormois D, Linossier MT, Geyssant A, Lacour JR: Effects of endurance training on capillary supply of human skeletal muscle on two age groups (20 and 60 years). J. Physiol. (Paris) 81, 379–383 (1986)

    Lacour JR , 'Effects of endurance training on capillary supply of human skeletal muscle on two age groups (20 and 60 years) ' (1986 ) 81 J. Physiol. (Paris) : 379 -383 .

    • Search Google Scholar

  • Drummond MJ, Dreyer HC, Fry CS, Glynn EL, Rasmussen BB: Nutritional and contractile regulation of human skeletal muscle protein synthesis and mTORC1 signaling. J. Appl. Physiol. 106, 1374–1384 (2009)

    Rasmussen BB , 'Nutritional and contractile regulation of human skeletal muscle protein synthesis and mTORC1 signaling ' (2009 ) 106 J. Appl. Physiol. : 1374 -1384 .

    • Search Google Scholar

  • Drummond MJ, Fry CS, Glynn EL, Dreyer HC, Dhanani S, Timmerman KL, Volpi E, Rasmussen BB: Rapamycin administration in humans blocks the contraction-induced increase in skeletal muscle protein synthesis. J. Physiol. 587, 1535–1546 (2009)

    Rasmussen BB , 'Rapamycin administration in humans blocks the contraction-induced increase in skeletal muscle protein synthesis ' (2009 ) 587 J. Physiol. : 1535 -1546 .

    • Search Google Scholar

  • El Mhandi L, Millet GY, Calmels P, Richard A, Oullion R, Gautheron V, Feasson L: Benefits of interval-training on fatigue and functional capacities in Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease. Muscle Nerve 37, 601–610 (2008)

    Feasson L , 'Benefits of interval-training on fatigue and functional capacities in Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease ' (2008 ) 37 Muscle Nerve : 601 -610 .

    • Search Google Scholar

  • Ericson MO, Nisell R, Arborelius UP, Ekholm J: Muscular activity during ergometer cycling. Scand. J. Rehabil. Med. 17, 53–61 (1985)

    Ekholm J , 'Muscular activity during ergometer cycling ' (1985 ) 17 Scand. J. Rehabil. Med. : 53 -61 .

    • Search Google Scholar

  • Farup J, Kjolhede T, Sorensen H, Dalgas U, Moller AB, Vestergaard PF, Ringgaard S, Bojsen-Moller J, Vissing K: Muscle morphological and strength adaptations to endurance vs. resistance training. J. Strength Cond. Res. 26, 398–407 (2012)

    Vissing K , 'Muscle morphological and strength adaptations to endurance vs. resistance training ' (2012 ) 26 J. Strength Cond. Res. : 398 -407 .

    • Search Google Scholar

  • Ferketich AK, Kirby TE, Alway SE: Cardiovascular and muscular adaptations to combined endurance and strength training in elderly women. Acta Physiol. Scand. 164, 259–267 (1998)

    Alway SE , 'Cardiovascular and muscular adaptations to combined endurance and strength training in elderly women ' (1998 ) 164 Acta Physiol. Scand. : 259 -267 .

    • Search Google Scholar

  • Freyssenet D, Berthon P, Denis C, Barthelemy JC, Guezennec CY, Chatard JC: Effect of a 6-week endurance training programme and branched-chain amino acid supplementation on histomorphometric characteristics of aged human muscle. Arch. Physiol. Biochem. 104, 157–162 (1996)

    Chatard JC , 'Effect of a 6-week endurance training programme and branched-chain amino acid supplementation on histomorphometric characteristics of aged human muscle ' (1996 ) 104 Arch. Physiol. Biochem. : 157 -162 .

    • Search Google Scholar

  • Garber CE, Blissmer B, Deschenes MR, Franklin BA, Lamonte MJ, Lee IM, Nieman DC, Swain DP: American College of Sports Medicine position stand. Quantity and quality of exercise for developing and maintaining cardiorespiratory, musculoskeletal, and neuromotor fitness in apparently healthy adults: guidance for prescribing exercise. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc. 43, 1334–1359 (2011)

    Swain DP , 'American College of Sports Medicine position stand. Quantity and quality of exercise for developing and maintaining cardiorespiratory, musculoskeletal, and neuromotor fitness in apparently healthy adults: guidance for prescribing exercise ' (2011 ) 43 Med. Sci. Sports Exerc. : 1334 -1359 .

    • Search Google Scholar

  • Gollnick PD, Armstrong RB, Saltin B, Saubert CW 4th, Sembrowich WL, Shepherd RE: Effect of training on enzyme activity and fiber composition of human skeletal muscle. J. Appl. Physiol. 34, 107–111 (1973)

    Shepherd RE , 'Effect of training on enzyme activity and fiber composition of human skeletal muscle ' (1973 ) 34 J. Appl. Physiol. : 107 -111 .

    • Search Google Scholar

  • Gollnick PD, Armstrong RB, Saubert CW 4th, Piehl K, Saltin B: Enzyme activity and fiber composition in skeletal muscle of untrained and trained men. J. Appl. Physiol. 33, 312–319 (1972)

    Saltin B , 'Enzyme activity and fiber composition in skeletal muscle of untrained and trained men ' (1972 ) 33 J. Appl. Physiol. : 312 -319 .

    • Search Google Scholar

  • Gomes MD, Lecker SH, Jagoe RT, Navon A, Goldberg AL: Atrogin-1, a muscle-specific F-box protein highly expressed during muscle atrophy. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 98, 14440–14445 (2001)

    Goldberg AL , 'Atrogin-1, a muscle-specific F-box protein highly expressed during muscle atrophy ' (2001 ) 98 Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. : 14440 -14445 .

    • Search Google Scholar

  • Harber MP, Konopka AR, Douglass MD, Minchev K, Kaminsky LA, Trappe TA, Trappe S: Aerobic exercise training improves whole muscle and single myofiber size and function in older women. Am. J. Physiol. Regul. Integr. Comp. Physiol. 297, R1452–R1459 (2009)

    Trappe S , 'Aerobic exercise training improves whole muscle and single myofiber size and function in older women ' (2009 ) 297 Am. J. Physiol. Regul. Integr. Comp. Physiol. : R1452 -R1459 .

    • Search Google Scholar

  • Harber MP, Konopka AR, Jemiolo B, Trappe SW, Trappe TA, Reidy PT: Muscle protein synthesis and gene expression during recovery from aerobic exercise in the fasted and fed states. Am. J. Physiol. Regul. Integr. Comp. Physiol. 299, R1254–R1262 (2010)

    Reidy PT , 'Muscle protein synthesis and gene expression during recovery from aerobic exercise in the fasted and fed states ' (2010 ) 299 Am. J. Physiol. Regul. Integr. Comp. Physiol. : R1254 -R1262 .

    • Search Google Scholar

  • Harridge SDR, Bottinelli R, Canepari M, Pellegrino M, Reggiani C, Esbjornsson M, Balsom PD, Saltin B: Sprint training, in vitro and in vivo muscle function, and myosin heavy chain expression. J. Appl. Physiol. 84, 442–449 (1998)

    Saltin B , 'Sprint training, in vitro and in vivo muscle function, and myosin heavy chain expression ' (1998 ) 84 J. Appl. Physiol. : 442 -449 .

    • Search Google Scholar

  • Haussinger D: The role of cellular hydration in the regulation of cell function. Biochem. J. 313, 697–710 (1996)

    Haussinger D , 'The role of cellular hydration in the regulation of cell function ' (1996 ) 313 Biochem. J. : 697 -710 .

    • Search Google Scholar

  • Hawke TJ, Garry DJ: Myogenic satellite cells: physiology to molecular biology. J. Appl. Physiol. 91, 534–551 (2001)

    Garry DJ , 'Myogenic satellite cells: physiology to molecular biology ' (2001 ) 91 J. Appl. Physiol. : 534 -551 .

    • Search Google Scholar

  • Haykowsky M, Vonder Muhll I, Ezekowitz J, Armstrong P: Supervised exercise training improves aerobic capacity and muscle strength in older women with heart failure. Can. J. Cardiol. 21, 1277–1280 (2005)

    Armstrong P , 'Supervised exercise training improves aerobic capacity and muscle strength in older women with heart failure ' (2005 ) 21 Can. J. Cardiol. : 1277 -1280 .

    • Search Google Scholar

  • Hepple RT, Mackinnon SL, Goodman JM, Thomas SG, Plyley MJ: Resistance and aerobic training in older men: effects on VO2peak and the capillary supply to skeletal muscle. J. Appl. Physiol. 82, 1305–1310 (1997)

    Plyley MJ , 'Resistance and aerobic training in older men: effects on VO2peak and the capillary supply to skeletal muscle ' (1997 ) 82 J. Appl. Physiol. : 1305 -1310 .

    • Search Google Scholar

  • Hoppeler H, Howald H, Conley K, Lindstedt SL, Claassen H, Vock P, Weibel ER: Endurance training in humans: aerobic capacity and structure of skeletal muscle. J. Appl. Physiol. 59, 320–327 (1985)

    Weibel ER , 'Endurance training in humans: aerobic capacity and structure of skeletal muscle ' (1985 ) 59 J. Appl. Physiol. : 320 -327 .

    • Search Google Scholar

  • Howald H, Hoppeler H, Claassen H, Mathieu O, Straub R: Influences of endurance training on the ultrastructural composition of the different muscle fiber types in humans. Pflügers Arch. 403, 369–376 (1985)

    Straub R , 'Influences of endurance training on the ultrastructural composition of the different muscle fiber types in humans ' (1985 ) 403 Pflügers Arch. : 369 -376 .

    • Search Google Scholar

  • Hug F, Marqueste T, Le Fur Y, Cozzone PJ, Grelot L, Bendahan D: Selective training-induced thigh muscles hypertrophy in professional road cyclists. Eur. J. Appl. Physiol. 97, 591–597 (2006)

    Bendahan D , 'Selective training-induced thigh muscles hypertrophy in professional road cyclists ' (2006 ) 97 Eur. J. Appl. Physiol. : 591 -597 .

    • Search Google Scholar

  • Izquierdo M, Ibanez J, Hakkinen K, Kraemer WJ, Larrion JL, Gorostiaga EM: Once weekly combined resistance and cardiovascular training in healthy older men. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc. 36, 435–443 (2004)

    Gorostiaga EM , 'Once weekly combined resistance and cardiovascular training in healthy older men ' (2004 ) 36 Med. Sci. Sports Exerc. : 435 -443 .

    • Search Google Scholar

  • Jackman RW, Kandarian SC: The molecular basis of skeletal muscle atrophy. Am. J. Physiol. Cell Physiol. 287, C834–C843 (2004)

    Kandarian SC , 'The molecular basis of skeletal muscle atrophy ' (2004 ) 287 Am. J. Physiol. Cell Physiol. : C834 -C843 .

    • Search Google Scholar

  • Jacobs I, Esbjornsson M, Sylven C, Holm I, Jansson E: Sprint training effects on muscle myoglobin, enzymes, fiber types, and blood lactate. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc. 19, 368–374 (1987)

    Jansson E , 'Sprint training effects on muscle myoglobin, enzymes, fiber types, and blood lactate ' (1987 ) 19 Med. Sci. Sports Exerc. : 368 -374 .

    • Search Google Scholar

  • Kadi F, Schjerling P, Andersen LL, Charifi N, Madsen JL, Christensen LR, Andersen JL: The effects of heavy resistance training and detraining on satellite cells in human skeletal muscles. J. Physiol. 558, 1005–1012 (2004)

    Andersen JL , 'The effects of heavy resistance training and detraining on satellite cells in human skeletal muscles ' (2004 ) 558 J. Physiol. : 1005 -1012 .

    • Search Google Scholar

  • Kaljumae U, Hanninen O, Airaksinen O: Knee extensor fatigability and strength after bicycle ergometer training. Arch. Phys. Med. Rehabil. 75, 564–567 (1994)

    Airaksinen O , 'Knee extensor fatigability and strength after bicycle ergometer training ' (1994 ) 75 Arch. Phys. Med. Rehabil. : 564 -567 .

    • Search Google Scholar

  • Kiilavuori K, Naveri H, Salmi T, Harkonen M: The effect of physical training on skeletal muscle in patients with chronic heart failure. Eur. J. Heart Fail. 2, 53–63 (2000)

    Harkonen M , 'The effect of physical training on skeletal muscle in patients with chronic heart failure ' (2000 ) 2 Eur. J. Heart Fail. : 53 -63 .

    • Search Google Scholar

  • Kimball SR, Jefferson LS: Control of translation initiation through integration of signals generated by hormones, nutrients, and exercise. J. Biol. Chem. 285, 29027–29032 (2010)

    Jefferson LS , 'Control of translation initiation through integration of signals generated by hormones, nutrients, and exercise ' (2010 ) 285 J. Biol. Chem. : 29027 -29032 .

    • Search Google Scholar

  • Konopka AR, Douglass MD, Kaminsky LA, Jemiolo B, Trappe TA, Trappe S, Harber MP: Molecular adaptations to aerobic exercise training in skeletal muscle of older women. J. Gerontol. A Biol. Sci. Med. Sci. 65, 1201–1207 (2010)

    Harber MP , 'Molecular adaptations to aerobic exercise training in skeletal muscle of older women ' (2010 ) 65 J. Gerontol. A Biol. Sci. Med. Sci. : 1201 -1207 .

    • Search Google Scholar

  • LaStayo PC, Pierotti DJ, Pifer J, Hoppeler H, Lindstedt SL: Eccentric ergometry: increases in locomotor muscle size and strength at low training intensities. Am. J. Physiol. Regul. Integr. Comp. Physiol. 278, R1282–R1288 (2000)

    Lindstedt SL , 'Eccentric ergometry: increases in locomotor muscle size and strength at low training intensities ' (2000 ) 278 Am. J. Physiol. Regul. Integr. Comp. Physiol. : R1282 -R1288 .

    • Search Google Scholar

  • Lee MJ, Kilbreath SL, Singh MF, Zeman B, Lord SR, Raymond J, Davis GM: Comparison of effect of aerobic cycle training and progressive resistance training on walking ability after stroke: A randomized sham exercise-controlled study. J. Am. Geriatr. Soc. 56, 976–985 (2008)

    Davis GM , 'Comparison of effect of aerobic cycle training and progressive resistance training on walking ability after stroke: A randomized sham exercise-controlled study ' (2008 ) 56 J. Am. Geriatr. Soc. : 976 -985 .

    • Search Google Scholar

  • Linossier MT, Denis C, Dormois D, Geyssant A, Lacour JR: Ergometric and metabolic adaptation to a 5-s sprint training program. Eur. J. Appl. Physiol. Occup. Physiol. 67, 408–414 (1993)

    Lacour JR , 'Ergometric and metabolic adaptation to a 5-s sprint training program ' (1993 ) 67 Eur. J. Appl. Physiol. Occup. Physiol. : 408 -414 .

    • Search Google Scholar

  • Linossier MT, Dormois D, Geyssant A, Denis C: Performance and fibre characteristics of human skeletal muscle during short sprint training and detraining on a cycle ergometer. Eur. J. Appl. Physiol. Occup. Physiol. 75, 491–498 (1997)

    Denis C , 'Performance and fibre characteristics of human skeletal muscle during short sprint training and detraining on a cycle ergometer ' (1997 ) 75 Eur. J. Appl. Physiol. Occup. Physiol. : 491 -498 .

    • Search Google Scholar

  • Loenneke JP, Fahs CA, Thiebaud RS, Rossow LM, Abe T, Ye X, Kim D, Bemben MG: The acute muscle swelling effects of blood flow restriction. Acta Physiol. Hung. 99, 400–410 (2012)

    Bemben MG , 'The acute muscle swelling effects of blood flow restriction ' (2012 ) 99 Acta Physiol. Hung. : 400 -410 .

    • Search Google Scholar

  • Lovell DI, Cuneo R, Gass GC: Can aerobic training improve muscle strength and power in older men? J. Aging Phys. Act. 18, 14–26 (2010)

    Gass GC , 'Can aerobic training improve muscle strength and power in older men ' (2010 ) 18 J. Aging Phys. Act. : 14 -26 .

    • Search Google Scholar

  • Macaluso A, Young A, Gibb KS, Rowe DA, De Vito G: Cycling as a novel approach to resistance training increases muscle strength, power, and selected functional abilities in healthy older women. J. Appl. Physiol. 95, 2544–2553 (2003)

    Vito G , 'Cycling as a novel approach to resistance training increases muscle strength, power, and selected functional abilities in healthy older women ' (2003 ) 95 J. Appl. Physiol. : 2544 -2553 .

    • Search Google Scholar

  • Mackova E, Melichna J, Havlickova L, Placheta Z, Blahova D, Semiginovsky B: Skeletal muscle characteristics of sprint cyclists and nonathletes. Int. J. Sports Med. 7, 295–297 (1986)

    Semiginovsky B , 'Skeletal muscle characteristics of sprint cyclists and nonathletes ' (1986 ) 7 Int. J. Sports Med. : 295 -297 .

    • Search Google Scholar

  • Mahoney SJ, Dempsey JM, Blenis J: Cell signaling in protein synthesis ribosome biogenesis and translation initiation and elongation. Prog. Mol. Biol. Transl. Sci. 90, 53–107 (2009)

    Blenis J , 'Cell signaling in protein synthesis ribosome biogenesis and translation initiation and elongation ' (2009 ) 90 Prog. Mol. Biol. Transl. Sci. : 53 -107 .

    • Search Google Scholar

  • Marsh AP, Martin PE: The relationship between cadence and lower extremity EMG in cyclists and noncyclists. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc. 27, 217–225 (1995)

    Martin PE , 'The relationship between cadence and lower extremity EMG in cyclists and noncyclists ' (1995 ) 27 Med. Sci. Sports Exerc. : 217 -225 .

    • Search Google Scholar

  • Mascher H, Andersson H, Nilsson PA, Ekblom B, Blomstrand E: Changes in signalling pathways regulating protein synthesis in human muscle in the recovery period after endurance exercise. Acta Physiol. (Oxf) 191, 67–75 (2007)

    Blomstrand E , 'Changes in signalling pathways regulating protein synthesis in human muscle in the recovery period after endurance exercise ' (2007 ) 191 Acta Physiol. (Oxf) : 67 -75 .

    • Search Google Scholar

  • McCarthy JP, Agre JC, Graf BK, Pozniak MA, Vailas AC: Compatibility of adaptive responses with combining strength and endurance training. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc. 27, 429–436 (1995)

    Vailas AC , 'Compatibility of adaptive responses with combining strength and endurance training ' (1995 ) 27 Med. Sci. Sports Exerc. : 429 -436 .

    • Search Google Scholar

  • McCarthy JP, Pozniak MA, Agre JC: Neuromuscular adaptations to concurrent strength and endurance training. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc. 34, 511–519 (2002)

    Agre JC , 'Neuromuscular adaptations to concurrent strength and endurance training ' (2002 ) 34 Med. Sci. Sports Exerc. : 511 -519 .

    • Search Google Scholar

  • Mikkola J, Rusko H, Izquierdo M, Gorostiaga EM, Hakkinen K: Neuromuscular and cardiovascular adaptations during concurrent strength and endurance training in untrained Men. Int. J. Sports Med. 33, 702–710 (2012)

    Hakkinen K , 'Neuromuscular and cardiovascular adaptations during concurrent strength and endurance training in untrained Men ' (2012 ) 33 Int. J. Sports Med. : 702 -710 .

    • Search Google Scholar

  • Millet GY, Lepers R: Alterations of neuromuscular function after prolonged running, cycling and skiing exercises. Sports Med. 34, 105–116 (2004)

    Lepers R , 'Alterations of neuromuscular function after prolonged running, cycling and skiing exercises ' (2004 ) 34 Sports Med. : 105 -116 .

    • Search Google Scholar

  • Mitchell CJ, Churchward-Venne TA, West DWD, Burd NA, Breen L, Baker SK, Phillips SM: Resistance exercise load does not determine training-mediated hypertrophic gains in young men. J. Appl. Physiol. 113, 71–77 (2012)

    Phillips SM , 'Resistance exercise load does not determine training-mediated hypertrophic gains in young men ' (2012 ) 113 J. Appl. Physiol. : 71 -77 .

    • Search Google Scholar

  • Ishii N, Ogasawara R, Kobayashi K, Nakazato K: Roles played by protein metabolism and myogenic progenitor cells in exercise-induced muscle hypertrophy and their relation to resistance training regimens. Jpn. J. Phys. Fitness Sports Med. 1, 83–94 (2012)

    Nakazato K , 'Roles played by protein metabolism and myogenic progenitor cells in exercise-induced muscle hypertrophy and their relation to resistance training regimens ' (2012 ) 1 Jpn. J. Phys. Fitness Sports Med. : 83 -94 .

    • Search Google Scholar

  • Nelson AG, Arnall DA, Loy SF, Silvester LJ, Conlee RK: Consequences of combining strength and endurance training regimens. Phys. Ther. 70, 287–294 (1990)

    Conlee RK , 'Consequences of combining strength and endurance training regimens ' (1990 ) 70 Phys. Ther. : 287 -294 .

    • Search Google Scholar

  • Okazaki K, Kamijo YI, Takeno Y, Okumoto T, Masuki S, Nose H: Effects of exercise training on thermoregulatory responses and blood volume in older men. J. Appl. Physiol. 93, 1630–1637 (2002)

    Nose H , 'Effects of exercise training on thermoregulatory responses and blood volume in older men ' (2002 ) 93 J. Appl. Physiol. : 1630 -1637 .

    • Search Google Scholar

  • Ozaki H, Loenneke JP, Thiebaud R, Abe T: Resistance training induced increase in VO2max in young and older subjects. Eur. Rev. Aging Phys. Act. 10, 107–116 (2013)

    Abe T , 'Resistance training induced increase in VO2max in young and older subjects ' (2013 ) 10 Eur. Rev. Aging Phys. Act. : 107 -116 .

    • Search Google Scholar

  • Ozaki H, Loenneke JP, Thiebaud RS, Stager JM, Abe T: Possibility of leg muscle hypertrophy by ambulation in older adults: a brief review. Clin. Interv. Aging 8, 369–375 (2013)

    Abe T , 'Possibility of leg muscle hypertrophy by ambulation in older adults: a brief review ' (2013 ) 8 Clin. Interv. Aging : 369 -375 .

    • Search Google Scholar

  • Parcell AC, Woolstenhulme MT, Sawyer RD: Structural protein alterations to resistance and endurance cycling exercise training. J. Strength Cond. Res. 23, 359–365 (2009)

    Sawyer RD , 'Structural protein alterations to resistance and endurance cycling exercise training ' (2009 ) 23 J. Strength Cond. Res. : 359 -365 .

    • Search Google Scholar

  • Petersen AC, Leikis MJ, McMahon LP, Kent AB, McKenna MJ: Effects of endurance training on extrarenal potassium regulation and exercise performance in patients on haemodialysis. Nephrol. Dial. Transplant. 24, 2882–2888 (2009)

    McKenna MJ , 'Effects of endurance training on extrarenal potassium regulation and exercise performance in patients on haemodialysis ' (2009 ) 24 Nephrol. Dial. Transplant. : 2882 -2888 .

    • Search Google Scholar

  • Petrella JK, Kim JS, Cross JM, Kosek DJ, Bamman MM: Efficacy of myonuclear addition may explain differential myofiber growth among resistance-trained young and older men and women. Am. J. Physiol. Endocrinol. Metab. 291, E937–E946 (2006)

    Bamman MM , 'Efficacy of myonuclear addition may explain differential myofiber growth among resistance-trained young and older men and women ' (2006 ) 291 Am. J. Physiol. Endocrinol. Metab. : E937 -E946 .

    • Search Google Scholar

  • Pitta F, Brunetto AF, Padovani CR, Godoy I: Effects of isolated cycle ergometer training on patients with moderate-to-severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Respiration 71, 477–483 (2004)

    Godoy I , 'Effects of isolated cycle ergometer training on patients with moderate-to-severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease ' (2004 ) 71 Respiration : 477 -483 .

    • Search Google Scholar

  • Ploutz-Snyder LL, Convertino VA, Dudley GA: Resistance exercise-induced fluid shifts: change in active muscle size and plasma volume. Am. J. Physiol. 269, R536–R543 (1995)

    Dudley GA , 'Resistance exercise-induced fluid shifts: change in active muscle size and plasma volume ' (1995 ) 269 Am. J. Physiol. : R536 -R543 .

    • Search Google Scholar

  • Preisler N, Andersen G, Thogersen F, Crone C, Jeppesen TD, Wibrand F, Vissing J: Effect of aerobic training in patients with spinal and bulbar muscular atrophy (Kennedy disease). Neurology 72, 317–323 (2009)

    Vissing J , 'Effect of aerobic training in patients with spinal and bulbar muscular atrophy (Kennedy disease) ' (2009 ) 72 Neurology : 317 -323 .

    • Search Google Scholar

  • Putman CT, Xu X, Gillies E, MacLean IM, Bell GJ: Effects of strength, endurance and combined training on myosin heavy chain content and fibre-type distribution in humans. Eur. J. Appl. Physiol. 92, 376–384 (2004)

    Bell GJ , 'Effects of strength, endurance and combined training on myosin heavy chain content and fibre-type distribution in humans ' (2004 ) 92 Eur. J. Appl. Physiol. : 376 -384 .

    • Search Google Scholar

  • Rhea MR: Determining the magnitude of treatment effects in strength training research through the use of the effect size. J. Strength Cond. Res. 18, 918–920 (2004)

    Rhea MR , 'Determining the magnitude of treatment effects in strength training research through the use of the effect size ' (2004 ) 18 J. Strength Cond. Res. : 918 -920 .

    • Search Google Scholar

  • Sabapathy S, Kingsley RA, Schneider DA, Adams L, Morris NR: Continuous and intermittent exercise responses in individuals with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Thorax 59, 1026–1031 (2004)

    Morris NR , 'Continuous and intermittent exercise responses in individuals with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease ' (2004 ) 59 Thorax : 1026 -1031 .

    • Search Google Scholar

  • Sandri M: Signaling in muscle atrophy and hypertrophy. Physiology (Bethesda) 23, 160–170 (2008)

    Sandri M , 'Signaling in muscle atrophy and hypertrophy ' (2008 ) 23 Physiology (Bethesda) : 160 -170 .

    • Search Google Scholar

  • Sarre G, Lepers R, Maffiuletti N, Millet G, Martin A: Influence of cycling cadence on neuromuscular activity of the knee extensors in humans. Eur. J. Appl. Physiol. 88, 476–479 (2003)

    Martin A , 'Influence of cycling cadence on neuromuscular activity of the knee extensors in humans ' (2003 ) 88 Eur. J. Appl. Physiol. : 476 -479 .

    • Search Google Scholar

  • Short KR, Vittone JL, Bigelow ML, Proctor DN, Nair KS: Age and aerobic exercise training effects on whole body and muscle protein metabolism. Am. J. Physiol. Endocrinol. Metab. 286, E92–E101 (2004)

    Nair KS , 'Age and aerobic exercise training effects on whole body and muscle protein metabolism ' (2004 ) 286 Am. J. Physiol. Endocrinol. Metab. : E92 -E101 .

    • Search Google Scholar

  • Simoneau JA, Lortie G, Boulay MR, Marcotte M, Thibault MC, Bouchard C: Human skeletal muscle fiber type alteration with high-intensity intermittent training. Eur. J. Appl. Physiol. Occup. Physiol. 54, 250–253 (1985)

    Bouchard C , 'Human skeletal muscle fiber type alteration with high-intensity intermittent training ' (1985 ) 54 Eur. J. Appl. Physiol. Occup. Physiol. : 250 -253 .

    • Search Google Scholar

  • Sleivert GG, Backus RD, Wenger HA: The influence of a strength sprint training sequence on multijoint power output. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc. 27, 1655–1665 (1995)

    Wenger HA , 'The influence of a strength sprint training sequence on multijoint power output ' (1995 ) 27 Med. Sci. Sports Exerc. : 1655 -1665 .

    • Search Google Scholar

  • Steiner R, Meyer K, Lippuner K, Schmid JP, Saner H, Hoppeler H: Eccentric endurance training in subjects with coronary artery disease: a novel exercise paradigm in cardiac rehabilitation? Eur. J. Appl. Physiol. 91, 572–578 (2004)

    Hoppeler H , 'Eccentric endurance training in subjects with coronary artery disease: a novel exercise paradigm in cardiac rehabilitation? Eur ' (2004 ) 91 J. Appl. Physiol. : 572 -578 .

    • Search Google Scholar

  • Strasser B, Keinrad M, Haber P, Schobersberger W: Efficacy of systematic endurance and resistance training on muscle strength and endurance performance in elderly adults — a randomized controlled trial. Wien. Klin. Wochenschr. 121, 757–764 (2009)

    Schobersberger W , 'Efficacy of systematic endurance and resistance training on muscle strength and endurance performance in elderly adults — a randomized controlled trial ' (2009 ) 121 Wien. Klin. Wochenschr. : 757 -764 .

    • Search Google Scholar

  • Sveen ML, Jeppesen TD, Hauerslev S, Kober L, Krag TO, Vissing J: Endurance training improves fitness and strength in patients with Becker muscular dystrophy. Brain 131, 2824–2831 (2008)

    Vissing J , 'Endurance training improves fitness and strength in patients with Becker muscular dystrophy ' (2008 ) 131 Brain : 2824 -2831 .

    • Search Google Scholar

  • Tabata I, Atomi Y, Kanehisa H, Miyashita M: Effect of high-intensity endurance training on isokinetic muscle power. Eur. J. Appl. Physiol. Occup. Physiol. 60, 254–258 (1990)

    Miyashita M , 'Effect of high-intensity endurance training on isokinetic muscle power ' (1990 ) 60 Eur. J. Appl. Physiol. Occup. Physiol. : 254 -258 .

    • Search Google Scholar

  • Tarnopolsky MA, Rennie CD, Robertshaw HA, Fedak-Tarnopolsky SN, Devries MC, Hamadeh MJ: Influence of endurance exercise training and sex on intramyocellular lipid and mitochondrial ultrastructure, substrate use, and mitochondrial enzyme activity. Am. J. Physiol. Regul. Integr. Comp. Physiol. 292, R1271–R1278 (2007)

    Hamadeh MJ , 'Influence of endurance exercise training and sex on intramyocellular lipid and mitochondrial ultrastructure, substrate use, and mitochondrial enzyme activity ' (2007 ) 292 Am. J. Physiol. Regul. Integr. Comp. Physiol. : R1271 -R1278 .

    • Search Google Scholar

  • Verney J, Kadi F, Charifi N, Feasson L, Saafi MA, Castells J, Piehl-Aulin K, Denis C: Effects of combined lower body endurance and upper body resistance training on the satellite cell pool in elderly subjects. Muscle Nerve 38, 1147–1154 (2008)

    Denis C , 'Effects of combined lower body endurance and upper body resistance training on the satellite cell pool in elderly subjects ' (2008 ) 38 Muscle Nerve : 1147 -1154 .

    • Search Google Scholar

  • Verney J, Kadi F, Saafi MA, Piehl-Aulin K, Denis C: Combined lower body endurance and upper body resistance training improves performance and health parameters in healthy active elderly. Eur. J. Appl. Physiol. 97, 288–297 (2006)

    Denis C , 'Combined lower body endurance and upper body resistance training improves performance and health parameters in healthy active elderly ' (2006 ) 97 Eur. J. Appl. Physiol. : 288 -297 .

    • Search Google Scholar

  • Widegren U, Wretman C, Lionikas A, Hedin G, Henriksson J: Influence of exercise intensity on ERK/MAP kinase signalling in human skeletal muscle. Pflügers Arch. 441, 317–322 (2000)

    Henriksson J , 'Influence of exercise intensity on ERK/MAP kinase signalling in human skeletal muscle ' (2000 ) 441 Pflügers Arch. : 317 -322 .

    • Search Google Scholar

  • Wilkinson SB, Phillips SM, Atherton PJ, Patel R, Yarasheski KE, Tarnopolsky MA, Rennie MJ: Differential effects of resistance and endurance exercise in the fed state on signalling molecule phosphorylation and protein synthesis in human muscle. J. Physiol. 586, 3701–3717 (2008)

    Rennie MJ , 'Differential effects of resistance and endurance exercise in the fed state on signalling molecule phosphorylation and protein synthesis in human muscle ' (2008 ) 586 J. Physiol. : 3701 -3717 .

    • Search Google Scholar

  • Wilson JM, Marin PJ, Rhea MR, Wilson SM, Loenneke JP, Anderson JC: Concurrent training: a meta-analysis examining interference of aerobic and resistance exercises. J. Strength Cond. Res. 26, 2293–2307 (2012)

    Anderson JC , 'Concurrent training: a meta-analysis examining interference of aerobic and resistance exercises ' (2012 ) 26 J. Strength Cond. Res. : 2293 -2307 .

    • Search Google Scholar

  • Zanchi NE, de Siqueira MV, Lira FS, Rosa JC, Yamashita AS, Carvalho CRD, Seelaender M, Lancha AH: Chronic resistance training decreases MuRF-1 and Atrogin-1 gene expression but does not modify Akt, GSK-3 beta and p70S6K levels in rats. Eur. J. Appl. Physiol. 106, 415–423 (2009)

    Lancha AH , 'Chronic resistance training decreases MuRF-1 and Atrogin-1 gene expression but does not modify Akt, GSK-3 beta and p70S6K levels in rats ' (2009 ) 106 Eur. J. Appl. Physiol. : 415 -423 .

    • Search Google Scholar
  • Collapse
  • Expand
Cover Acta Physiologica Hungarica
Acta Physiologica Hungarica
Print ISSN:
0231-424X
Online ISSN:
1588-2683

The author instruction is available in PDF.

Please, download the file from HERE

Senior editors

Editor(s)-in-Chief: Rosivall, László

Honorary Editor(s)-in-Chief): Monos, Emil

Managing Editor(s): Bartha, Jenő; Berhidi, Anna

Co-editor(s): Koller, Ákos; Lénárd, László; Szénási, Gábor

Assistant Editor(s): G. Dörnyei (Budapest), Zs. Miklós (Budapest), Gy. Nádasy (Budapest)

Hungarian Editorial Board

    1. Benedek, György (Szeged)
    1. Benyó, Zoltán (Budapest)
    1. Boros, Mihály (Szeged)
    1. Chernoch, László (Debrecen)
    1. Détári, László (Budapest)
    1. Hamar, János (Budapest)
    1. Hantos, Zoltán (Szeged)
    1. Hunyady, László (Budapest)
    1. Imre, Sándor (Debrecen)
    1. Jancsó, Gábor (Szeged)
    1. Karádi, Zoltán (Pécs)
    1. Kovács, László (Debrecen)
    1. Palkovits, Miklós (Budapest)
    1. Papp, Gyula (Szeged)
    1. Pavlik, Gábor (Budapest)
    1. Spät, András (Budapest)
    1. Szabó, Gyula (Szeged)
    1. Szelényi, Zoltán (Pécs)
    1. Szolcsányi, János (Pécs)
    1. Szollár, Lajos (Budapest)
    1. Szücs, Géza (Debrecen)
    1. Telegdy, Gyula (Szeged)
    1. Toldi, József (Szeged)
    1. Tósaki, Árpád (Debrecen)

International Editorial Board

    1. R. Bauer (Jena)
    1. W. Benjelloun (Rabat)
    1. A. W. Cowley Jr. (Milwaukee)
    1. D. Djuric (Belgrade)
    1. C. Fry (London)
    1. S. Greenwald (London)
    1. O. Hänninen (Kuopio)
    1. H. G. Hinghofer-Szalkay (Graz)
    1. Th. Kenner (Graz)
    1. Gy. Kunos (Richmond)
    1. M. Mahmoudian (Tehran)
    1. T. Mano (Seki, Gifu)
    1. G. Navar (New Orleans)
    1. H. Nishino (Nagoya)
    1. O. Petersen (Liverpool)
    1. U. Pohl (Münich)
    1. R. S. Reneman (Maastricht)
    1. A. Romanovsky (Phoenix)
    1. G. M. Rubanyi (Richmond)
    1. T. Sakata (Oita)
    1. A. Siddiqui (Karachi)
    1. Cs. Szabo (Beverly)
    1. E. Vicaut (Paris)
    1. N. Westerhof (Amsterdam)
    1. L. F. Zhang (Xi'an)

Editorial Office:
Akadémiai Kiadó Zrt.
Prielle Kornélia u. 21–35, H-1117 Budapest, Hungary

Editorial Correspondence:
Acta Physiologica Hungarica
Semmelweis University, Faculty of Medicine Institute of Pathophysiology
Nagyvárad tér 4, H-1089 Budapest, Hungary
Phone/Fax: +36-1-2100-100
E-mail: aph@semmelweis-univ.hu

Indexing and Abstracting Services:

  • Biological Abstracts
  • BIOSIS Previews
  • CAB Abstracts
  • Chemical Abstracts
  • EMBASE/Excerpta Medica
  • Global Health
  • Index Copernicus
  • Index Medicus
  • Medline
  • Referativnyi Zhurnal
  • Science Citation Index Expanded
  • SCOPUS

 

Acta Physiologica Hungarica
Language English
Size  
Year of
Foundation		 1950
Publication
Programme		 changed title
Volumes
per Year		  
Issues
per Year		  
Founder Magyar Tudományos Akadémia
Founder's
Address		 H-1051 Budapest, Hungary, Széchenyi István tér 9.
Publisher Akadémiai Kiadó
Publisher's
Address		 H-1117 Budapest, Hungary 1516 Budapest, PO Box 245.
Responsible
Publisher		 Chief Executive Officer, Akadémiai Kiadó
ISSN 0231-424X (Print)
ISSN 1588-2683 (Online)

Monthly Content Usage

Abstract Views Full Text Views PDF Downloads
Jun 2023 147 1 1
Jul 2023 132 0 0
Aug 2023 131 0 0
Sep 2023 204 1 2
Oct 2023 206 2 1
Nov 2023 225 5 1
Dec 2023 82 1 0