Acta Phytopathologica et Entomologica Hungarica
Volume/Issue:
Volume 42: Issue 2
Elevated thiol levels affect virus infection in Cucurbita pepo plants regenerated via somatic embryogenesis
Authors: Andreja Urbanek-Krajnc 1 , B. Zechmann 1 , G. Zellnig 1 , A. Wonisch 1 , and Maria Müller 1
View More View Less
  • 1 University of Graz Institute of Plant Sciences Schubertstraße 51 A-8010 Graz Austria
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1556/aphyt.42.2007.2.8
Page Count:
253–271
Publication Date:
01 Dec 2007
Online Publication Date:
26 Nov 2007
Article Category:
Research Article
Restricted access

Purchase article

USD  $20.00

1 year subscription (Individual Only)

USD  $542.00
Purchase Online Subscription

  • Purchase article

    USD  $20.00

  • 1 year subscription (Individual Only)

    USD  $542.00

Thiols are known to play crucial roles in plant defense responses, e.g. against pathogens. In the present study, the efficiency of these molecules was evaluated in regenerated Cucurbita pepo L. subsp. pepo var. styriaca Greb. plants in response to compatible Zucchini yellow mosaic virus infection. Thiol contents were modulated by applying the cysteine precursor L-2-oxothiazolidine-4-carboxylic acid (OTC) to callus cells. Cytological and biochemical methods were used for determination of glutathione within callus cells and leaves of plants regenerated via somatic embryogenesis. Reduced glutathione levels (GSH) significantly increased in callus cells one week after 1.0 mM OTC treatment by about 56% and resulted in enhanced GSH levels throughout the investigation period of 13 weeks. Three weeks after ZYMV infection untreated plants regenerated from callus culture exhibited stunted growth forms, yellowing, mosaic and blistering on the leaves whereas 68% of 1.0 mM OTC pretreated regenerated plants were characterized by a complete absence of symptoms. Treatment with OTC stimulated the synthesis, conversion and translocation of thiols during advanced ZYMV infection. Compared to untreated infected leaves, a graduate increase in cysteine (cys) and γ-glutamyl-cysteine (γ-glucys) contents was measured in 0.5 mM and 1.0 mM OTC treated older leaves, whereas total glutathione (tGSH) decreased significantly after infection. In OTC treated younger leaves cys and tGSH concentrations remained at control levels and were unaffected by ZYMV. In contrast, OTC treatment caused a dramatic induction of γ-glucys, up to 191% in younger infected leaves. The results show that altered levels of thiols by OTC were accompanied by enhanced tolerance against ZYMV, suppression of ZYMV induced symptoms as well as delayed symptom development.

  • Arisi, A. C. M., Noctor, G., Foyer, C. H. and Jouanin, L. (1997): Modification of thiol contents in poplars ( Populus tremula × P. alba ) overexpressing enzymes involved in glutathione synthesis. Planta 203, 362–372.

    Jouanin L. , 'Modification of thiol contents in poplars (Populus tremula × P. alba) overexpressing enzymes involved in glutathione synthesis ' (1997 ) 203 Planta : 362 -372.

    • Search Google Scholar

  • Bolter, C., Brammall, R. A., Cohen, R. and Lazarovits, G. (1993): Glutathione alterations in melon and tomato roots following treatment with chemicals which induce disease resistance to Fusarium wilt. Physiol. Mol. Plant Pathol. 42, 321–336.

    Lazarovits G. , 'Glutathione alterations in melon and tomato roots following treatment with chemicals which induce disease resistance to Fusarium wilt ' (1993 ) 42 Physiol. Mol. Plant Pathol. : 321 -336.

    • Search Google Scholar

  • Bortz, J., Lienert, G. A. and Boenke, K. (2000): Verteilungsfreie Methoden in der Biostatistik. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, Tokyo.

    Boenke K. , '', in Verteilungsfreie Methoden in der Biostatistik , (2000 ) -.

  • Buwalda, F., De Kok, L. J. and Stulen, I. (1993): Effects of atmospheric H 2 S on thiol composition of crop plants. J. Plant Physiol. 142, 281–285.

    Stulen I. , 'Effects of atmospheric H2S on thiol composition of crop plants ' (1993 ) 142 J. Plant Physiol. : 281 -285.

    • Search Google Scholar

  • Cai, J., Chen, Y., Seth, S., Furukawa, S., Compans, R. W. and Jones, D. P. (2003): Inhibition of influenza infection by glutathione. Free Radic. Biol. Med. 34, 928–936.

    Jones D. P. , 'Inhibition of influenza infection by glutathione ' (2003 ) 34 Free Radic. Biol. Med. : 928 -936.

    • Search Google Scholar

  • Choi, J., Liu, R. M., Kundu, R. K., Sangiorgi, F., Wu, W. C., Maxson, R. and Forman, H. J. (2000): Molecular mechanism of decreased glutathione content in human immunodeficiency virus type 1 Tat-transgenic mice. J. Biol. Chem. 275, 3693–3698.

    Forman H. J. , 'Molecular mechanism of decreased glutathione content in human immunodeficiency virus type 1 Tat-transgenic mice ' (2000 ) 275 J. Biol. Chem. : 3693 -3698.

    • Search Google Scholar

  • De Gara, L., de Pinto, M. C. and Tommasi, F. (2003): The antioxidant system vis-à-vis reactive oxygen species during plant-pathogen interaction. Plant Physiol. Biochem. 41, 863–870.

    Tommasi F. , 'The antioxidant system vis-à-vis reactive oxygen species during plant-pathogen interaction ' (2003 ) 41 Plant Physiol. Biochem. : 863 -870.

    • Search Google Scholar

  • Dermastia, M. and Ravnikar, M. (1996): Altered cytokinin pattern and enhanced tolerance to potato virus YNTN in the susceptible potato cultivar ( Solanum tuberosum cv. Igor) grown in vitro. Physiol. Mol. Plant Pathol. 48, 65–71.

    Ravnikar M. , 'Altered cytokinin pattern and enhanced tolerance to potato virus YNTN in the susceptible potato cultivar (Solanum tuberosum cv. Igor) grown in vitro ' (1996 ) 48 Physiol. Mol. Plant Pathol. : 65 -71.

    • Search Google Scholar

  • Donahue, J. L., Okpodu, C. M., Cramer, C. L., Grabau, E. A. and Alscher, R. G. (1997): Responses of antioxidants to paraquat in pea leaves. Plant Physiol. 13, 249–257.

    Alscher R. G. , 'Responses of antioxidants to paraquat in pea leaves ' (1997 ) 13 Plant Physiol. : 249 -257.

    • Search Google Scholar

  • Farago, S. and Brunold, C. (1994): Regulation of thiol contents in maize roots by intermediates and effectors of glutathione synthesis. J. Plant Physiol. 144, 433–437.

    Brunold C. , 'Regulation of thiol contents in maize roots by intermediates and effectors of glutathione synthesis ' (1994 ) 144 J. Plant Physiol. : 433 -437.

    • Search Google Scholar

  • Farkas, G. L., Király, Z. and Solymosy, F. (1960): Role of oxidative metabolism in the localization of plant viruses. Virology 12, 408–421.

    Solymosy F. , 'Role of oxidative metabolism in the localization of plant viruses ' (1960 ) 12 Virology : 408 -421.

    • Search Google Scholar

  • Fodor, J., Gullner, G., Ádám, A. L., Barna, B., Kömives, T. and Király, Z. (1997): Local and systemic response of antioxidants to tobacco mosaic virus infection and to salicylic acid in tobacco. Role in systemic acquired resistance. Plant Physiol. 114, 1443–1451.

    Király Z. , 'Local and systemic response of antioxidants to tobacco mosaic virus infection and to salicylic acid in tobacco. Role in systemic acquired resistance ' (1997 ) 114 Plant Physiol. : 1443 -1451.

    • Search Google Scholar

  • Foyer, C. H. and Halliwell, B. (1976): The presence of glutathione and glutathione reductase in chloroplasts: a proposed role in ascorbic acid metabolism. Planta 133, 21–25.

    Halliwell B. , 'The presence of glutathione and glutathione reductase in chloroplasts: a proposed role in ascorbic acid metabolism ' (1976 ) 133 Planta : 21 -25.

    • Search Google Scholar

  • Foyer, C. H. and Rennenberg, H. (2000): Regulation of glutathione synthesis and its role in abiotic and biotic stress defence. In: C. Brunold, H. Rennenberg, L. J. De Kok, L. Stulen and J.-C. Davidian (eds): Sulfur Nutrition and Sulfur Assimilation in Higher Plants. Paul Haupt, Bern, pp. 127–153.

    Rennenberg H. , '', in Sulfur Nutrition and Sulfur Assimilation in Higher Plants , (2000 ) -.

  • Fritig, B., Heitz, T. and Legrand, M. (1998): Antimicrobial proteins in induced plant defense. Curr. Opin. Immunol. 10, 16–22.

    Legrand M. , 'Antimicrobial proteins in induced plant defense ' (1998 ) 10 Curr. Opin. Immunol. : 16 -22.

    • Search Google Scholar

  • Gönner, M. V. and Schlösser, E. (1993): Oxidative stress in interactions between Avena sativa L. and Drechlera spp. Physiol. Mol. Plant Pathol. 42, 221–234.

    Schlösser E. , 'Oxidative stress in interactions between Avena sativa L. and Drechlera spp ' (1993 ) 42 Physiol. Mol. Plant Pathol. : 221 -234.

    • Search Google Scholar

  • Görlach, J., Volrath, S., Knauf-Beiter, G., Hengy, G., Beckhove, U., Kogel, K. H., Oostedorp, M., Staub, T., Ward, E., Kessmann, H. and Ryals, J. (1996): Benzothiadiazole, a novel class of inducers of systemic acquired resistance, activates gene expression and disease resistance in wheat. Plant Cell 8, 629–643.

    Ryals J. , 'Benzothiadiazole, a novel class of inducers of systemic acquired resistance, activates gene expression and disease resistance in wheat ' (1996 ) 8 Plant Cell : 629 -643.

    • Search Google Scholar

  • Grill, D., Esterbauer, H. and Klösch, U. (1979): Effects of sulphur dioxide on glutathione in leaves of plants. Environ. Pollut. 19, 187–194.

    Klösch U. , 'Effects of sulphur dioxide on glutathione in leaves of plants ' (1979 ) 19 Environ. Pollut. : 187 -194.

    • Search Google Scholar

  • Gullner, G., Tóbiás, I., Fodor, J. and Kőmives, T. (1999): Elevation of glutathione level and activation of glutathione-related enzymes affect virus infection in tobacco. Free Rad. Res. 31, 155–161.

    Kőmives T. , 'Elevation of glutathione level and activation of glutathione-related enzymes affect virus infection in tobacco ' (1999 ) 31 Free Rad. Res. : 155 -161.

    • Search Google Scholar

  • Gullner, G. and Dodge, A. D. (2000): Accumulation of glutathione in pea leaf discs exposed to the photooxidative herbicides acifluorfen and 5-aminolevulinic acid. J. Plant Physiol. 156, 111–117.

    Dodge A. D. , 'Accumulation of glutathione in pea leaf discs exposed to the photooxidative herbicides acifluorfen and 5-aminolevulinic acid ' (2000 ) 156 J. Plant Physiol. : 111 -117.

    • Search Google Scholar

  • Gullner, G. and Kőmives, T. (2001): The role of glutathione and glutathione-related enzymes in plant-pathogen interaction. In: D. Grill, M. Tausz and L. J. De Kok (eds): Significance of Glutathione to Plant Adaptation to the Environment. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, Boston, London, pp. 207–239.

    Kőmives T. , '', in Significance of Glutathione to Plant Adaptation to the Environment , (2001 ) -.

  • Haddad, J. J. and Harb, H. L. (2005): L-γ-glutamyl-L-cysteinyl-glycine (glutathione; GSH) and GSH-related enzymes in the regulation of pro-and anti-inflammatory cytokines: A signaling transcriptional scenario for redoxy(y) immunologic sensors(s)? Mol. Immun. 42, 987–1014.

    Harb H. L. , 'L-γ-glutamyl-L-cysteinyl-glycine (glutathione; GSH) and GSH-related enzymes in the regulation of pro-and anti-inflammatory cytokines: A signaling transcriptional scenario for redoxy(y) immunologic sensors(s)? ' (2005 ) 42 Mol. Immun. : 987 -1014.

    • Search Google Scholar

  • Hartmann, T. N., Mult, S., Suter, M., Rennenberg, H. and Herschbach, C. (2000): Leaf age-dependent differences in sulphur assimilation and allocation in poplar ( Populus tremula × P. alba ) leaves. J. Exp. Bot. 51, 1077–1088.

    Herschbach C. , 'Leaf age-dependent differences in sulphur assimilation and allocation in poplar (Populus tremula × P. alba) leaves ' (2000 ) 51 J. Exp. Bot. : 1077 -1088.

    • Search Google Scholar

  • Hartmann, T., Hönicke, P., Wirtz, M., Hell, R., Rennenberg, H. and Kopriva, S. (2004): Regulation of sulphate assimilation by glutathione in poplars ( Populus tremula × P. alba ) of wild type and overexpressing γ-glutamylcysteine synthetase in the cytosol. J. Exp. Bot. 55, 837–845.

    Kopriva S. , 'Regulation of sulphate assimilation by glutathione in poplars (Populus tremula × P. alba) of wild type and overexpressing γ-glutamylcysteine synthetase in the cytosol ' (2004 ) 55 J. Exp. Bot. : 837 -845.

    • Search Google Scholar

  • Hausladen, A. and Kunert, K. J. (1990): Effects of artificially enhanced levels of ascorbate and glutathione on the enzymes monodehydroacorbate reductase, dehydroascorbate reductase, and glutathione reductase in spinach ( Spinacia oleracea ). Physiol. Plant. 79, 384–388.

    Kunert K. J. , 'Effects of artificially enhanced levels of ascorbate and glutathione on the enzymes monodehydroacorbate reductase, dehydroascorbate reductase, and glutathione reductase in spinach (Spinacia oleracea) ' (1990 ) 79 Physiol. Plant. : 384 -388.

    • Search Google Scholar

  • Herschbach, C., van der Zalm, E., Schneider, A., Jouanin, L., De Kok, L. J. and Rennenberg, H. (2000): Regulation of sulpfur nutrition in wild-type and transgenic poplar over-expressing γ-glutamylcysteine synthetase in the cytosol as affected by atmospheric H 2 S. Plant Physiol. 124, 461–473.

    Rennenberg H. , 'Regulation of sulpfur nutrition in wild-type and transgenic poplar over-expressing γ-glutamylcysteine synthetase in the cytosol as affected by atmospheric H2S ' (2000 ) 124 Plant Physiol. : 461 -473.

    • Search Google Scholar

  • Jahoor, F., Jackson, A., Gazzard, B., Philips, G., Sharpstone, D., Frazer, M. E. and Heird, W. (1999): Erythrocyte glutathione deficiency in symptom-free HIV infection is associated with decreased synthesis rate. Am. J. Physiol. 276, 205–211.

    Heird W. , 'Erythrocyte glutathione deficiency in symptom-free HIV infection is associated with decreased synthesis rate ' (1999 ) 276 Am. J. Physiol. : 205 -211.

    • Search Google Scholar

  • Jameson, P. E. and Clarke, S. F. (2002): Hormone-virus interactions in plants. Critical Rev. Plant Sci. 21, 205–228.

    Clarke S. F. , 'Hormone-virus interactions in plants ' (2002 ) 21 Critical Rev. Plant Sci. : 205 -228.

    • Search Google Scholar

  • Jelaska, S. (1980): Growth and embryoid formation in Cucurbita pepo callus culture. In: C. Doré (ed.): Application de la culture in vitro à l’amélioration des plantes potagères. Réunion Eucarpia section légumes, Versailles, pp. 172–178.

    Jelaska S. , '', in Application de la culture in vitro à l’amélioration des plantes potagères , (1980 ) -.

  • Juretiæ, B., Kataviæ, V. and Jelaska, S. (1989): In vitro clonal multiplication of Cucurbita pepo by single-node culture. Acta Bot. Croat. 48, 27–34.

    Jelaska S. , 'In vitro clonal multiplication of Cucurbita pepo by single-node culture ' (1989 ) 48 Acta Bot. Croat. : 27 -34.

    • Search Google Scholar

  • Juretiæ, B. and Jelaska, S. (1991): Plant development in long-term embryogenic callus lines of Cucurbita pepo . Plant Cell. Rep. 9, 623–626.

    Jelaska S. , 'Plant development in long-term embryogenic callus lines of Cucurbita pepo ' (1991 ) 9 Plant Cell. Rep. : 623 -626.

    • Search Google Scholar

  • Király, Z., Érsek, T., Barna, B., Ádám, A. L. and Gullner, G. (1991): Pathophysiological aspects of plant disease resistance. Acta Phytopathol. Entomol. Hung. 26, 233–250.

    Gullner G. , 'Pathophysiological aspects of plant disease resistance ' (1991 ) 26 Acta Phytopathol. Entomol. Hung. : 233 -250.

    • Search Google Scholar

  • Knörzer, O. C., Lederer, B., Durner, J. and Böger, P. (1999): Antioxidative defense activation in soybean cells. Physiol. Plant. 107, 294–302.

    Böger P. , 'Antioxidative defense activation in soybean cells ' (1999 ) 107 Physiol. Plant. : 294 -302.

    • Search Google Scholar

  • Kőmives, T. and Dutka, F. (1989): Effects of herbicide safeners on levels and activation of cytochrome P-450 and other enzymes. In: K. K. Hatzios and R. E. Hoagland (eds): Crop Safeners for Herbicides. Academic Press, San Diego, pp. 129–145.

    Dutka F. , '', in Crop Safeners for Herbicides , (1989 ) -.

  • Kranner, I. and Grill, D. (1993): Content of low-molecular-weight thiols during the imbibition of pea seeds. Physiol. Plant. 88, 557–562.

    Grill D. , 'Content of low-molecular-weight thiols during the imbibition of pea seeds ' (1993 ) 88 Physiol. Plant. : 557 -562.

    • Search Google Scholar

  • Kuzniak, E. and Skladowska, M. (1999): The effect of Botrytis cinerea infection on ascorbate-glutathione cycle in tomato leaves. Plant Sci. 148, 69–76.

    Skladowska M. , 'The effect of Botrytis cinerea infection on ascorbate-glutathione cycle in tomato leaves ' (1999 ) 148 Plant Sci. : 69 -76.

    • Search Google Scholar

  • Lamb, C. and Dixon, R. A. (1997): The oxidative burst in plant disease resistance. Ann. Rev. Plant Physiol. Plant Mol. Biol. 48, 251–275.

    Dixon R. A. , 'The oxidative burst in plant disease resistance ' (1997 ) 48 Ann. Rev. Plant Physiol. Plant Mol. Biol. : 251 -275.

    • Search Google Scholar

  • Lappartient, A. G. and Touraine, B. (1997): Glutathione-mediated regulation of ATP sulfurylase activity, SO 4 -2 uptake, and oxidative stress response in intact Canola roots. Plant Physiol. 114, 177–183.

    Touraine B. , 'Glutathione-mediated regulation of ATP sulfurylase activity, SO4-2 uptake, and oxidative stress response in intact Canola roots ' (1997 ) 114 Plant Physiol. : 177 -183.

    • Search Google Scholar

  • May, M. J., Hammond-Kosack, K. E. and Jones, J. D. G. (1996): Involvement of reactive oxygen species, glutathione metabolism, and lipid peroxidation in the Cf -gene-dependent defense response of tomato cotyledons induced by race-specific elicitors of Cladosporium fulvum . Plant Physiol. 110, 1367–1379.

    Jones J. D. G. , 'Involvement of reactive oxygen species, glutathione metabolism, and lipid peroxidation in the Cf-gene-dependent defense response of tomato cotyledons induced by race-specific elicitors of Cladosporium fulvum ' (1996 ) 110 Plant Physiol. : 1367 -1379.

    • Search Google Scholar

  • May, M. J., Vernoux, T., Sánchez-Fernández, R., van Montagu, M., and Inzé, D. (1998): Evidence for post-transcriptional activation of γ-glutamylcysteine synthetase during plant stress responses. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 95, 12049–12054.

    Inzé D. , 'Evidence for post-transcriptional activation of γ-glutamylcysteine synthetase during plant stress responses ' (1998 ) 95 Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA : 12049 -12054.

    • Search Google Scholar

  • Müller, M., Tausz, M. and Grill, D. (1999a): Histochemical tracing of glutathione by fluorescence microscopy and image analysis system in living plant cells. In: A. Denke, K. Dornisch, F. Fleischmann, J. Graßmann, I. Heiser, S. Hippeli, W. Oßwald and F. Schempp (eds): Different Pathways Through Life. Biochemical Aspects of Plant Biology and Medicine. Lincom, Europa, München, pp. 187–197.

    Grill D. , '', in Different Pathways Through Life. Biochemical Aspects of Plant Biology and Medicine , (1999 ) -.

  • Müller, M., Tausz, M., Wonisch, A. and Grill, D. (1999b): Effects of an oxidizing agent (hydrogen peroxide) on the glutathione system in epidermal cells of Allium cepa (L.) investigated by histochemical staining. Free Rad. Res. 31, 121–127.

    Grill D. , 'Effects of an oxidizing agent (hydrogen peroxide) on the glutathione system in epidermal cells of Allium cepa (L.) investigated by histochemical staining ' (1999 ) 31 Free Rad. Res. : 121 -127.

    • Search Google Scholar

  • Müller, M., Zechmann, B. and Zellnig, G. (2004): Ultrastructural localization of glutathione in Cucurbita pepo plants. Protoplasma 223, 213–219.

    Zellnig G. , 'Ultrastructural localization of glutathione in Cucurbita pepo plants ' (2004 ) 223 Protoplasma : 213 -219.

    • Search Google Scholar

  • Murashige, T. and Skoog, F. (1962): A revised medium for rapid growth and bio assays with tobacco tissue cultures. Physiol. Plant. 15, 473–497.

    Skoog F. , 'A revised medium for rapid growth and bio assays with tobacco tissue cultures ' (1962 ) 15 Physiol. Plant. : 473 -497.

    • Search Google Scholar

  • Murphy, A. M. and Carr, J. P. (2002): Salicylic acid has cell-specific effects on Tobacco mosaic virus replication and cell-to-cell movement. Plant Physiol. 128, 552–563.

    Carr J. P. , 'Salicylic acid has cell-specific effects on Tobacco mosaic virus replication and cell-to-cell movement ' (2002 ) 128 Plant Physiol. : 552 -563.

    • Search Google Scholar

  • Noctor, G. and Foyer, C. H. (1998): Ascorbate and glutathione: Keeping active oxygen under control. Ann. Rev. Plant Physiol. Plant Mol. Biol. 49, 249–279.

    Foyer C. H. , 'Ascorbate and glutathione: Keeping active oxygen under control ' (1998 ) 49 Ann. Rev. Plant Physiol. Plant Mol. Biol. : 249 -279.

    • Search Google Scholar

  • Noctor, G., Arisi, A. C. M., Jouanin, L., Kunert, K. J., Rennenberg, H. and Foyer, C. H. (1998): Glutathione: biosynthesis, metabolism and relationship to stress tolerance explored in transformed plants. J. Exp. Bot. 49, 623–647.

    Foyer C. H. , 'Glutathione: biosynthesis, metabolism and relationship to stress tolerance explored in transformed plants ' (1998 ) 49 J. Exp. Bot. : 623 -647.

    • Search Google Scholar

  • Noctor, G., Gomez, L., Vanacker, H. and Foyer, C. H. (2002): Interactions between biosynthesis, compartmentation and transport in the control of glutathione homeostasis and signalling. J. Exp. Bot. 53, 1283–1304.

    Foyer C. H. , 'Interactions between biosynthesis, compartmentation and transport in the control of glutathione homeostasis and signalling ' (2002 ) 53 J. Exp. Bot. : 1283 -1304.

    • Search Google Scholar

  • Orober, M., Siegrist, J. and Buchenauer, H. (2002): Mechanisms of phosphate-induced disease resistance in cucumber. Eur. J. Plant Pathol. 108, 345–353.

    Buchenauer H. , 'Mechanisms of phosphate-induced disease resistance in cucumber ' (2002 ) 108 Eur. J. Plant Pathol. : 345 -353.

    • Search Google Scholar

  • Palamara, A. T., Perno, C. F., Aquaro, S., Bué, M. C., Dini, L. and Garaci, E. (1996): Glutathione inhibits HIV replication by acting at late stages of the virus life cycle. AIDS Res. Hum. Retroviruses 12, 1537–1541.

    Garaci E. , 'Glutathione inhibits HIV replication by acting at late stages of the virus life cycle ' (1996 ) 12 AIDS Res. Hum. Retroviruses : 1537 -1541.

    • Search Google Scholar

  • Palamara, A. T., Brandi, G., Rossi, L., Millo, E., Benatti, U., Nencioni, L., Iuvara, A., Garaci, E. and Magnani, M. (2004): New synthetic glutathione derivatives with increased antiviral activities. Antivir. Chem. Chemoth. 15, 83–91.

    Magnani M. , 'New synthetic glutathione derivatives with increased antiviral activities ' (2004 ) 15 Antivir. Chem. Chemoth. : 83 -91.

    • Search Google Scholar

  • Ramachandra Rao, S. and Ravishankar, G. A. (2002): Plant cell cultures: Chemical factories of secondary metabolites. Biotechnol. Adv. 20, 101–153.

    Ravishankar G. A. , 'Plant cell cultures: Chemical factories of secondary metabolites ' (2002 ) 20 Biotechnol. Adv. : 101 -153.

    • Search Google Scholar

  • Ranieri, A., Lencioni, L., Schenone, G. and Soldatini, G. F. (1993): Glutathione-ascorbic acid cycle in pumpkin plants grown under polluted air in open-top chambers. J. Plant Physiol. 142, 286–290.

    Soldatini G. F. , 'Glutathione-ascorbic acid cycle in pumpkin plants grown under polluted air in open-top chambers ' (1993 ) 142 J. Plant Physiol. : 286 -290.

    • Search Google Scholar

  • Riedle-Bauer, M. (2000): Role of reactive oxygen species and antioxidant enzymes in systemic virus infection of plants. Phytopathology 148, 297–302.

    Riedle-Bauer M. , 'Role of reactive oxygen species and antioxidant enzymes in systemic virus infection of plants ' (2000 ) 148 Phytopathology : 297 -302.

    • Search Google Scholar

  • Sano, H., Seo, S., Orudgev, E., Youssefian, S., Ishizuka, K. and Ohashi, Y. (1994): Expression of the gene for a small GTP binding protein in transgenic tobacco elevates endogenous cytokinin levels, abnormally induced salicylic acid in response to wounding, and increases resistance to tobacco mosaic virus infection. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 92, 4138–4144.

    Ohashi Y. , 'Expression of the gene for a small GTP binding protein in transgenic tobacco elevates endogenous cytokinin levels, abnormally induced salicylic acid in response to wounding, and increases resistance to tobacco mosaic virus infection ' (1994 ) 92 Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA : 4138 -4144.

    • Search Google Scholar

  • Smith-Becker, J., Keen, N. T. and Becker, J. O. (2003): Acibenzolar-S-methyl induces resistance to Colletotrichum lagenarium and Cucumber Mosaic Virus in cantaloupe. Crop Prot. 22, 769–774.

    Becker J. O. , 'Acibenzolar-S-methyl induces resistance to Colletotrichum lagenarium and Cucumber Mosaic Virus in cantaloupe ' (2003 ) 22 Crop Prot. : 769 -774.

    • Search Google Scholar

  • Urbanek, A., Zechmann, B., Zellnig, G. and Müller, M. (2003): Aspects of glutathione treatment on the cytoskeleton in different cells of Picea abies . Phyton 43, 319–333.

    Müller M. , 'Aspects of glutathione treatment on the cytoskeleton in different cells of Picea abies ' (2003 ) 43 Phyton : 319 -333.

    • Search Google Scholar

  • Urbanek, A., Zechmann, B. and Müller, M. (2004): Plant regeneration via somatic embryogenesis in Styrian pumpkin: Cytological and biochemical investigations. Plant Cell Tiss. Org. Cult. 79, 329–340.

    Müller M. , 'Plant regeneration via somatic embryogenesis in Styrian pumpkin: Cytological and biochemical investigations ' (2004 ) 79 Plant Cell Tiss. Org. Cult. : 329 -340.

    • Search Google Scholar

  • Vanegas, P. E., Cruz-Hernandez, A., Valverde, E. and Paredes-Lopez, O. (2002): Plant regeneration via organogenesis in marigold. Plant Cell Tiss. Org. Cult. 69, 279–283.

    Paredes-Lopez O. , 'Plant regeneration via organogenesis in marigold ' (2002 ) 69 Plant Cell Tiss. Org. Cult. : 279 -283.

    • Search Google Scholar

  • Will, B., Jouanin, L. and Rennenberg, H. (2001): Protection from paraquat-mediated photo-oxidative stress by glutathione in poplar ( Populus tremula × P. alba ) plants. Plant Biol. 3, 272–278.

    Rennenberg H. , 'Protection from paraquat-mediated photo-oxidative stress by glutathione in poplar (Populus tremula × P. alba) plants ' (2001 ) 3 Plant Biol. : 272 -278.

    • Search Google Scholar

  • Williamson, J. M. and Meister, A. (1981): Stimulation of hepatic glutathione formation by administration of 1-2-oxothiazolidine-4-carboxylate, a 5-oxo-l-prolinase substrate. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 78, 936–939.

    Meister A. , 'Stimulation of hepatic glutathione formation by administration of 1-2-oxothiazolidine-4-carboxylate, a 5-oxo-l-prolinase substrate ' (1981 ) 78 Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA : 936 -939.

    • Search Google Scholar

  • Wingate, V. P. M., Lawton, M. A. and Lamb, C. J. (1988): Glutathione causes a massive and selective induction of plant defense genes. Plant Physiol. 31, 205–211.

    Lamb C. J. , 'Glutathione causes a massive and selective induction of plant defense genes ' (1988 ) 31 Plant Physiol. : 205 -211.

    • Search Google Scholar

  • Winterbourn, C. C. and Metodiewa, D. (1999): Reactivity of biologically important thiol compounds with superoxide and hydrogen peroxide. Free Rad. Biol. Med. 27, 322–328.

    Metodiewa D. , 'Reactivity of biologically important thiol compounds with superoxide and hydrogen peroxide ' (1999 ) 27 Free Rad. Biol. Med. : 322 -328.

    • Search Google Scholar

  • Zechmann, B., Müller, M. and Zellnig, G. (2003): Cytological modification in Zucchini yellow mosaic virus (ZYMV) infected Styrian pumpkin plants. Arch. Virol. 148, 1119–1133.

    Zellnig G. , 'Cytological modification in Zucchini yellow mosaic virus (ZYMV) infected Styrian pumpkin plants ' (2003 ) 148 Arch. Virol. : 1119 -1133.

    • Search Google Scholar

  • Zechmann, B., Zellnig, G. and Müller, M. (2005): Changes in the subcellular distribution of glutathione during virus infection in Cucurbita pepo (L.). Plant Biol. 7, 49–57.

    Müller M. , 'Changes in the subcellular distribution of glutathione during virus infection in Cucurbita pepo (L.) ' (2005 ) 7 Plant Biol. : 49 -57.

    • Search Google Scholar

  • Zechmann, B., Müller, M. and Zellnig, G. (2006): Intracellular adaptations of glutathione content in Cucurbita pepo L. induced by treatment with reduced glutathione and buthionine sulfoximine. Protoplasma 227, 197–209.

    Zellnig G. , 'Intracellular adaptations of glutathione content in Cucurbita pepo L. induced by treatment with reduced glutathione and buthionine sulfoximine ' (2006 ) 227 Protoplasma : 197 -209.

    • Search Google Scholar

  • Zechmann, B., Zellnig, G., Urbanek-Krajnc, A. and Müller, M. (2007): Artificial elevation of glutathione affects symptom development in ZYMV-infected Cucurbita pepo L. plants. Arch. Virol. 152, 747–762.

    Müller M. , 'Artificial elevation of glutathione affects symptom development in ZYMV-infected Cucurbita pepo L. plants ' (2007 ) 152 Arch. Virol. : 747 -762.

    • Search Google Scholar
Cover Acta Phytopathologica et Entomologica Hungarica
Acta Phytopathologica et Entomologica Hungarica
Print ISSN:
0238-1249
Online ISSN:
1588-2691
Keywords:
callus cultures; glutathione; L-2-oxothiazolidine-4-carboxylic acid; potyvirus

Monthly Content Usage

Abstract Views Full Text Views PDF Downloads
Aug 2020 3 0 0
Sep 2020 0 0 0
Oct 2020 0 0 0
Nov 2020 1 4 0
Dec 2020 3 0 0
Jan 2021 0 0 0
Feb 2021 0 0 0