The word T1G2 occurs three times in the Ongi Inscription. The sentences containing T1G2 have been interpreted in a variety of ways, with no single reading thus far being deemed satisfactory. A notable aspect of the Old Turkic script is the presence of two distinct characters for the majority of consonant sounds, one representing a back-vocalic and the other a front-vocalic sign. Given that T1G2 occurs on three occasions, it is plausible that the individual(s) responsible for inscribing the text may have deliberately employed this format. The author hypothesizes that T1G2 in question represents the Turkic rendering of the Chinese character dí 敵, which translates to “enemy; hostile.”
Adamović, Milan 1996. ‘Otča borča.’ Central Asiatic Journal 40/2: 168–172.
Amanžolov, A. S. [Аманжолов, А. С.] 2010 2. История и теория древнетюркского письма. Алматы: Мектеп. (1st ed. in 2003)
Aydin, Erhan 2008. ‘Ongi Yazıtı Üzerine İncelemeler [Studies on the Ongi Inscription].’ İlmî Araştırmalar 25: 21–38.
Aydin, Erhan 2012. Orhon Yazıtları (Köl Tegin, Bilge Kağan, Tonyukuk, Ongi, Küli Çor) [Orkhon Inscriptions (Köl Tegin, Bilgä Kagan, Tonyukuk, Ongi, Küli Čor)]. [Kömen Yayınları 87.] Konya: Kömen.
Berta, Árpád 2004. Szavaimat jól halljátok…, A Türk és Ujgur rovásírásos emlékek kritikai kiadása [Listen to my words well …. Critical edition of the Türk and Uyghur runic monuments]. Szeged: JATEPress.
Berta, Árpád 2010. Sözlerimi İyi Dinleyin…, Türk ve Uygur Runik Yazıtlarının Karşılaştırmalı Yayını [Listen to my words well …. Comparative Publication of Turkic and Uyghur runic Inscriptions]. Translated by Emine Yilmaz. [Türk Dil Kurumu Yayınları 1008.] An kara: Türk Dil Kurumu.
Clauson, Gerard 1957. ‘The Ongin Inscription.’ Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland 89/3- 4: 177–192.
Clauson, Sir Gerard 1972. An Etymological Dictionary of Pre-Thirteenth-Century Turkish. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
Erdal, Marcel 2011. ‘Ongin Yazıtı [Ongin Inscription].’ [Trans. from English by Semih Tezcan.] In: Ülkü Çelik Şavk (ed.) “Orhon Yazıtlarının Bulunuşundan 120 Yıl Sonra Türklük Bilimi ve 21. Yüzyıl” Konulu III. Uluslararası Türkiyat Araştırmaları Sempozyumu 26–29 Mayıs 2010 Bildiriler Kitabı, I. Ankara: Hacettepe Üniversitesi Türkiyat Araştırmaları Enstitüsü, 363–372.
Li Yong-Sŏng 2004. Türk Dillerinde Sontakılar [Postpositions in the Turkic languages]. İstanbul: [Mehmet Ölmez].
Li Yong-Sŏng 2022. Türk Dillerinde Son Takılar [Postpositions in the Turkic Languages]. [Türk Dil Kurumu Yayınları 1508.] Ankara: Türk Dil Kurumu.
Malov, S. Je. [Малов, С. Е.] 1959. Памятники древнетюркской письменности Монголии и Киргизии. Москва–Ленинград: Издательство Академии Наук СССР.
Orkun, Hüseyin Namık 1936. Eski Türk Yazıtları [Old Turkic Inscriptions] I. İstanbul: Devlet Basımevi.
Orkun, Hüseyin Namık 1941. Eski Türk Yazıtları [Old Turkic Inscriptions] IV. İstanbul: Alâeddin Kıral Basımevi.
Ōsawa Takashi 大澤 孝 1999. ‘Ongi Inscription.’ In: Moriyasu Takao 森安 孝夫 and Ochir オチル (eds.) Mongorukoku genson iseki, hibun chōsa kenkyū hōkoku モンゴル国現存遺蹟•碑文調査硏究報告 [Provisional report of researches on historical sites and inscriptions in Mongolia from 1996 to 1998]. Toyonaka: Chūō Yūrashiagaku Kenkyūkai [The Society of Central Eurasian Studies], 129–136.
Ōsawa Takashi 大澤 孝 2007–2008. ‘New research on historical aspects and interpretation of the Ongi site and inscriptions.’ Chronica: Annual of the Institute of History 7–8: 161–177.
Ōsawa Takashi 大澤 孝 2008. ‘Site and Inscription of Ongi revised–On the basis of rubbing of G. Ramstedt and our field works of Mongolia–.’ Türk Dilleri Araştırmaları 18 [Festschrift in Honor of Talat Tekin]: 253–322.
Ōsawa Takashi 大澤 孝 2011. ‘Revisiting the Ongi inscription of Mongolia from the Second Turkic Qaγanate on the basis of rubbings by G. J. Ramstedt.’ Journal de la Société Finno-Ougrienne 93: 147–203.
Ölmez, Mehmet 2012. Orhon-Uygur Hanlığı Dönemi Moğolistan’daki Eski Türk Yazıt ları, Metin-ÇeviriSözlük [Old Turkic Inscriptions in Mongolia from the Orkhon-Uyghur Khanate Period, Text-Translation-Glossary]. Ankara: BilgeSu Yayıncılık.
Ölmez, Mehmet 2016.‘Ongi Yazıtı, Sorunlar ve Çözüm Önerileri [Ongi Inscription, Problems and Solution Suggestions].’ Türk Dili Araştırmaları Yıllığı–Belleten 64/1: 43–86.
Pulleyblank, E. G. 1991. Lexicon of Reconstructed Pronunciation in Early Middle Chinese, Late Middle Chinese, and Early Mandarin. Vancouver: UBC Press.
Radloff, Wilhelm 1892. Atlas der Alterthümer der Mongolei. St. Petersburg: Buchdruckerei der Akademie der Wissenschaften.
Radloff, Wilhelm 1893. Atlas der Alterthümer der Mongolei (Zweite Lieferung). St. Petersburg: Buchdruckerei der Akademie der Wissenschaften.
Radloff, Wilhelm 1895. Die alttürkischen Inschriften der Mongolei (Dritte Lieferung). St. Petersburg: Buchdruckerei der Kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften.
Radloff, Wilhelm 1896. Atlas der Alterthümer der Mongolei (Dritte Lieferung). St. Petersburg: Buchdruckerei der Akademie der Wissenschaften.
Sawada Isao 沢田 勲 1983. ‘Ongin hibun ni kansuru ichikōsatsu — sono setsuritsu mokuteki to setsuritsu nendai o chūshin to shite— オンギン碑文に関する一考察—その設立目的と設立年代を中心と して—.’ [A Study of the Ongin Inscription: Focusing on its Founding Purpose and Date of Establishment]. Tōyōshi kenkyū 東洋史研究 41/4: 52–73.
Sawada Isao 沢田 勲 1983. ‘Ongin hibun tōmen dai yongyō no kaishyaku ni tsuite オンギン碑文東面第 四行の解釈について [On the Interpretation of the Fourth Line of the East Side of the Ongin Inscription].’ In: Mori Masao 護 雅夫 (ed.) Nairiku Ajia Nishi Ajia no shakai to bunka 内陸アジア・西アジ アの社会と文化38 [Societies and Cultures of Inland and West Asia]. Tōkyō: Yamakawa Shuppansha, 79–110.
Sawada Isao 沢田 勲 1984. ‘Ongin hibun yakkai オンギン碑文訳解 [Ongin Inscription Translation].’ Sundai Shigaku 駿台史学 61: 94–110.
Taşağil, Ahmet 2004. Çin Kaynaklarına Göre Eski Türk Boyları [Ancient Turkic Tribes According to Chinese Sources]. Ankara: Türk Tarih Kurumu.
Tekİn, Talat 1968. A Grammar of Orkhon Turkic. [Indiana University Publications, Uralic and Altaic Series 69.] Bloomington: Indiana University; The Hague: Mouton & Co.
Tekİn, Talat 2000. Orhon Türkçesi Grameri [A Grammar of Orkhon Turkic]. [Türk Dilleri Araştırmaları Dizisi 9.] Ankara: [Mehmet Ölmez]. (2nd ed. 2003 in İstanbul)
Tekİn, Talat 2003 2. Orhon Türkçesi Grameri [A Grammar of Orkhon Turkic]. [Türk Dilleri Araştırmaları Dizisi 9.] İstanbul: [Mehmet Ölmez].
Tekİn, Talat 2008. Dolgwəl Bimun Yəngu — Kül Tigin Bimun, Bilgä Kagan Bimun, Tunyukukï Bimun — 돌 궐 비문 연구 — 퀼 티긴 비문, 빌개 카간 비문, 투뉴쿠크 비문 — [Researches into the Orkhon Inscriptions — Kül Tigin Inscription, Bilgä Kaghan Inscription, Tuñukuk Inscription]. [Translated and annotated by Li Yong-Sŏng.] Seoul: JNC.
Tekİn, Talat 2016. Orhon Türkçesi Grameri [A Grammar of Orkhon Turkic]. [Türk Dil Kurumu Yayınları 1195.] Ankara: Türk Dil Kurumu.
Türk Dil Kurumu [Turkish Language Society] 1982. Türkiye’de Halk Ağzından Der le me Sözlüğü XII [Dictionary of Compilation from Folk Speech in Turkey XII]. Ankara: Türk Dil Kurumu.