This paper addresses several important aspects of the historical spread of the Huayan and Chan Buddhist teachings in the Tangut state, and traces local developments of Chan and Huayan thought among the Tang-uts. These developments, as they emerge from the received texts, indicate not only local developments in Xixia, but also provide broader implications for the study of Sinitic Buddhism in Northern China and Central Asia during 11th–13th centuries. The core of the paper concerns Tangut Huayan commentaries, the Huayan lineage composed by Yixing Huijue, Tangut recensions of texts authored by Guifeng Zongmi and the Tangut texts of Hongzhou Chan Buddhism.
Beifang Minzu Daxue Xixia Yanjiusuo 北方民族大學西夏研究所 et al. (eds.) 2019. Ying cang Xixia wen wenxian zhengli yu yanjiu (yi) 英藏西夏文文獻整理與研究(一) [A Collation and Study on Tangut literature collected in British vol. 1]. Beijing: Zhonghua Shuju and Yinchuan: Ningxia Renmin Chubanshe.
Brose, Benjamin 2006. ‘Crossing Thousands of li of Waves: The Return of China’s Lost Tiantai texts.’ Jour-nal of the International Association of Buddhist Studies 29/1: 21–62.
Broughton, Jeffrey L. 2009. Zongmi on Chan. NY: Columbia University Press.
Chen Jinhua 2007. Philosopher, Practitioner, Politician: The Many Lives of Fazang (643–712). Leiden: Brill.
Chikusa Masaaki 竺沙雅章 2000. Sō Gen bukkyō bunka shi kenkyū 宋元佛教文化史研究 [A Study on the History of the Buddhist Culture in the Song and Yuan Dynasty]. Tōkyō: Kyuko Shōin.
Chikusa Masaaki 竺沙雅章 2003. ‘Kurosuijō shutsudo no Ryōdai kanbon ni tsuite 黒水城出土の遼代 刊本について [Concerning the Liao Period Woodblock prints from Khara-Khoto].’ Kyūko Koten Kenkyūkai 汲古古典研究会 43: 20–27.
Cui Hongfen 崔紅芬 2016. ‘Xia-Han wenben Huayan jingdian kao lüe 夏汉文本华严经典考略 [A Brief Study of the Huayan jing in Tangut and Chinese].’ Ningxia Shehui Kexue 寧夏社會科學 2016/3: 205–212.
Fujiwara Takato 藤原崇人 2015. Kittan bukkyōshi no kenkyū 契丹仏教史の研究 [A Study on the History of Khitan Buddhism]. Kyōto: Hōzōkan.
Gao Shanshan高山杉 2012. ‘Xibei suo chu Song seng Xingjing yu Jingyuan zhushu canben kao 西北所 出宋僧行靖與淨源著述殘本考 [A Study on the Books with Pages Missing of Xingjing and Jingyuan Unearthed in the Northwest].’ Lingshan Haihui 靈山海會 37: 164–166.
Gao Shanshan高山杉 2013. ‘Baigou si Fangta yu Shanzui gou shiku chutu fodian keben canpian zakao 拜溝寺方塔與山嘴溝石窟出土佛典刻本殘片雜考 [Notes on some fragments of woodblock-printed Buddhist texts unearthed from the Quadrilateral Pagoda in the Baisigou Valley and the Grotto Temples in the Sshanzuigou Valley].’ Journal of Sino-Western Communications 5/1: 72–81.
Gao Shanshan高山杉 2014. ‘Xixia wen Huayan jing suishi yanyi chao zhushi shu canpian 西夏文《華嚴經 隨疏演義鈔》注釋書殘片 [Tangut Commentarial Fragments of Huayan suishu Yanyichao].’ Zhongxi Wenhua Jiaoliu Xuebao 中西文化交流學報 [Journal of Sino-Western Communications] 6/1: 131–139.
Gao Shanshan高山杉 2018. ‘Youguan Huayan Fajie guan tongxuan ji de jige xin faxian 有關《華嚴法界 觀通玄記》的幾個新發現 [Some New Discoveries of Hua Yan Fa Jie Guan Tong Xuan Ji].’ Zhongshan Daxue Xuebao 中山大學學報 2: 133–140.
Gao Shanshan 高山杉 2022. ‘Yibu wei dingming de Xixia wen guji 一部未定名的西夏文古籍 [An unidentified ancient book written in Tangut Scripts].’ Online available at https://www.sohu.com/na/417052412_523187, last access: 26 December 2022.
Girard, Frédéric 2012. ‘The Treatise of the Golden Lion attributed to Fazang in China and Japan.’ In: Robert Gimello, Frédéric Girard & Imre Hamar (eds.) Avataṃsaka Buddhism in East Asia: Origins and Ad- aptation of a Visual Culture. [Asiatische Forschungen 155.] Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz Verlag, 307–338.
Girard, Frédéric 2019. Méthode d’examen mental sur la sphère de la Loi (dharmadhātu) selon l’Ornementation fleurie, Huayan fajie guanmen 華嚴法界觀門 et le Commentaire de Guifeng Zongmi 圭峯宗密 (780–841). Paris: Éditions You Feng.
Gregory, Peter N. 1991. Tsung-mi and the Sinification of Buddhism. [Kuroda Institute Studies in East Asian Buddhism 16.] Princeton: Princeton University Press.
Hamar, Imre 2002. A Religious Leader in the Tang: Chengguan’s Biography. [Studia Philologica Buddhica Occasional Paper Series 12.] Tokyo: The International Institute for Buddhist Studies of The International College for Advanced Buddhist Studies.
Hamar, Imre 2022. ‘The Exegetical Tradition of the Buddhāvataṃsaka-sūtra.’ Journal of East Asian Cul-tures 1: 1–16.
Ishii Shūdō 石井修道 1996. ‘Dai Ei Toshōkan shozō no Gozan ban Zengen shosenshū tojo ni tsuite 大英図 書館所蔵の五山版《禅源諸詮集都序》について [The Gozan Edition Chan Preface Collected in the British Library].’ Indogaku Bukkyōgaku kenkyū 印度學佛教學研究 44/2: 611–618.
Iwasaki Tsutomu 岩崎力 1987. ‘Sōdai Kawasai Chibetto zoku to Bukkyō 宋代河西チベット族と佛教 [Tibetans and Buddhism in the Hexi Area during the Song Dynasty].’ Tōyō shi kenkyū 東洋史研究 46/1: 107–142.
Iwasaki Tsutomu 岩崎力 2018. Seika kenkoku shi kenkyū 西夏建国史研究 [A Study on the History of the Founding of the Western Xia]. Tōkyō: Kyuko Shōin.
Jing Yongshi 景永時 & Irina F. Popova 波波娃 2018. Fan Han Heshi Zhangzhong zhu zhengli yu yanjiu 番 漢合時掌中珠整理與研究 [A Collation and Study on The Tangut and Chinese Timely Pearl in Palm]. Yinchuan: Ningxia Renmin Chubanshe; Beijing: Zhonghua Shuju.
Kamata Shigeo 鐮田茂雄 1975. Shūmitsu kyōgaku no shisōshi teki kenkyū: Chūgoku Kegon shishoshi no kenkyū daini 宗密教学の思想史的研究:中国華厳思想史の研究第二 [A Study on the history of religious thought of Zongmi: The second Study on the History of Chinese Huayan Thoughts]. [Tōkyō Daigaku Toyō bunka kenkyu jō hōkoku 東京大学東洋文化研究所報告 (The Report of the Institute for Advanced Studies on Asia)] Tōkyō: Tōkyō Daigaku Toyō Bunka Kenkyūjō.
Kamata Shigeo 鐮田茂雄 1993. ‘Unnan Kegon no keifu 雲南華嚴の系譜 [The Lineage of Huayan in Yunnan].’ Indogaku Bukkyōgaku kenkyū 印度學佛教學研究 42/1: 299–303.
Kitsudō Kōichi 橘堂晃一 2003. ‘Liao Influence on Uigur Buddhism.’ In: Imre Galambos (ed.) Studies in Chinese Manuscripts: from the Warring States Period to the the Twentieth Century. Budapest: Eötvös Loránd University Press, 225–248.
Kojima Taizan 小島岱山 1982. ‘Mō jin kangen kan no senja o meguru sho mondai 『妄尽還源観』の撰 者をめぐる諸問題 [On the Problems of the Author of the Wangjin Huanyuanguan].’ Nanto Bukkyō 南都佛教 49: 13–32.
Kychanov, Yevgeniy 克恰諾夫, Li Fanwen 李範文 & Luo Maokun 羅矛昆 1995. Shengli yihai yanjiu 聖 立義海研究 [A Study on The Sea of Meanings Established by the Saints]. Yinchuan: Ningxia Renmin Chubanshe.
Kychanov, Yevgeniy Ivanovich [Кычанов, Евгений Иванович] 1999. Каталог Тангутских Буддийских Памятников из Собрания Института Востоковедения РАН. Фонд. П.К. Козлова. Kyoto: University of Kyoto Press.
Li Huarui 李華瑞 2006. ‘Lun Ruxue yu Fojiao zai Xixia wenhua zhong de diwei 論儒學與佛教在西夏文 化中的地位 [On the Position of Confucianism and Buddhism in Xixia Civilization].’ Xixia Xue 西夏 學 1: 22–27.
Lin Minyu 林鳴宇 & Mabuchi Masaya 馬淵昌也 2017. Huayan jing gangyao jiaoshi 華嚴經剛要校釋 [An annotated critical edition of Huayanjing Gangyao]. Shanghai: Shanghai Cishu Chubanshe.
Liu Shaohua 劉少華 & Sun Yida 孫禕達 2024. ‘Xixia wen Liuzu Tanjing yu Hanwen ben yuanyuan guanxi xinkao 西夏文《六祖壇經》與漢文本淵源關係新考 [A Study on the Relation between Tangut Texts and Chinese Texts of Liuzutanjing].’ Wenxian 文獻 1: 143–154.
Liu Shaohua 劉少華 & Sun Yida 孫禕達 (forthcoming) ‘Liuzu Tanjing zai Xixia liuchuan wenti 《六祖 壇經》在西夏流傳問題 [The transmission of The Platform Sutra of the Sixth Patriarch in Xixia].’ Dunhuang yanjiu 敦煌研究
Luo Fuchang 羅福萇 & Luo Fuyi 羅福頤, comm. Peng Xiangqian 彭向前 2004. Songshi Xiaguozhuan jizhu 宋史夏國傳集注 [A Variorum Text of the Xia Country Biography of the Song History]. Yinchuan: Ningxia Renmin Chubanshe.
Nevskij, Nikolaj A. [Невский, Николай A.] 1933. ‘O наименовании тангутского государства.’ Записки Института востоковедения АН СССР т. [вып.] 3: 129–150.
Nie Hongyin 聶鴻音 2012. ‘Xixia wen Xia Sheng Gen Zan Ge kaoshi 西夏文《夏聖根讚歌》考釋 [An Interpretation of the Paean to the Saint Ancestor of Tangut].’ In: Xixia Wenxian Lungao 西夏文獻論稿 [The Essays for Tangut literature]. Shanghai: Shanghai Guji Chubanshe, 191–194.
Nie Hongyin 聶鴻音 2016. Xixia fojing xuba yizhu 西夏佛經序跋譯注 [The Translation and Annotation of the Prefaces and Postscripts of the Tangut Buddhist Scriptures]. Shanghai: Shanghai Guji Chubanshe.
Nie Hongyin 聶鴻音 & Sun Bojun 孫伯君 2018. Xixia yi Huayan zong zhuzuo yanjiu 西夏譯華嚴宗著作 研究 [A Study on the Tangut Translation of Huayan School Works]. Beijing: Zhonghua Shuju.
Nie Hongyin 聶鴻音 2020. ‘A Compilation of Three Tangut Astral Texts (1270 CE).’ Central Asiatic Journal 63/1-2: 257–272.
Nie Hongyin 聶鴻音 2021. Xixia wenzi he yuyan yanjiu daolun 西夏文字和語言研究導論 [An Introduction to Tangut Characters and Languages]. Shanghai: Shanghai Guji Chubanshe.
Ningxia Wenwu Kaogu Yanjiu Suo 寧夏文物考古研究所 (eds.) 2007. Shanzui gou Xixia shiku (xia) 山嘴溝 西夏石窟(下)[Xixia Caves in the Shanzuigou Valley vol. 2]. Beijing: Wenwu.
Nishida Tatsuo 西田龍雄 1975–1977. Seika bun Kegon kyō 西夏文華厳経 [The Hsi-hsia Avataṃsaka Sūtra]. Vols. 1–3. Kyoto: University of Kyoto Press.
Ogawa Takashi 小川隆 & Ishii Shudō 石井修道 1994. ‘Zen Gen Shosen Shū Tojo no yakuchū kenkyū (ichi) 『禅源諸詮集都序』の訳注研究(一) [Translation and Commentary of the Chan Preface].’ Komaza-wa Daigaku Bukkyō Gakubu Kenkyū Kiyō 駒澤大學佛教學部研究紀要 52: 1–53.
Ran Yunhua (Jan Yün-hua) 冉雲華 1996. ‘Heishui cheng canjuan Chengxi Tu yanjiu 黑水城殘卷《承襲 圖》研究 [A Study on the Incomplete Manuscript of Chengxi Tu unearthed in Heishuicheng].’ In: Liu Cunren 柳存仁 et al. (eds.) Qingzhu Pan Shichan xiansheng jiuzhi huadan Dunhuang Xue Tekan 慶 祝潘石禪先生九秩華誕敦煌學特刊 [The Special Journal in Honor of Professor Pan Shichan on His Ninetieth Birthday]. Taibei: Wenjin Chubanshe, 75–87.
Shi Huida 釋慧達 2002. ‘Xinjiao Heishui cheng ben Jiewai lu 新校黑水城本《劫外錄》[A Critical Edition of the Blockprint Jiewai lu from Khara-khoto].’ Zhonghua Foxue yanjiu 中華佛學研究 3: 127–172.
Shi Jinbo 史金波 2007. Xixia shehui (shang) 西夏社會(上) [The Society of the Western Xia vol. 1]. Shanghai: Shanghai Renmin Chubanshe.
Solonin, Kirill 2003. ‘Hongzhou Buddhism in Xixia and the Heritage of Zongmi (780-841): a Tangut Source.’ Asia Major (3rd series) 16/2: 57–103.
Solonin, Kirill 2008. ‘The Fragments of the Tangut Translation of the Platform Sutra of the Sixth Patriarch Preserved in the Fu Ssu-nien Library, Academia Sinica.’ ‘Zhongyang’ Yanjiuyuan Lishi Yuyan Yanjiusuo Jikan ‘中央’研究院歷史語言研究所集刊 [Bulletin of the Institute of History and Philology, Academia Sinica] 79/1: 163–185.
Solonin, Kirill [Suo Luoning 索羅寧] 2012. ‘Yixing Huijue jiqi Da Fangguang Fo Huayan jing Haiyin daochang shi zhong xingyuan changpian lichan yi 一行慧覺及其《大方廣佛華嚴經海印道場十重 行願常徧禮懺儀》 [Yixing Huijue and his Huayan Repentance Ritual].’ Taida Foxue Yanjiu 台大佛 學研究 23: 1–76.
Solonin, Kirill 2015. ‘Local Literatures, Tangut/ Xixia.’ In: Jonathan Silk et al. (eds.) Brill Encyclopedia of Buddhism. Vol. 1. Leiden: Brill, 844–859.
Solonin, Kirill [Suo Luoning 索羅寧] 2013. ‘Xixia fojiao zhi “xitong xing” chutan 西夏佛教之“系統 性”初探 [First Exploration of “Systematicness” in Buddhism Western Xia].’ Shijie Zongjiao Yanjiu 世界宗教研究 4: 22–38.
Solonin, Kirill [Suo Luoning 索羅寧] 2015. ‘Da fangguang Fo Huyan jing Ru bu siyi jietuo jingjie yi Pux- ian xingyuan lüe lichen niansong yi chutan 《大方廣佛華嚴經入不思議解脫境界依普賢行願略禮 懺念誦儀》初探 [First Exploration of Da fangguang Fo Huyan jing Ru bu siyi jietuo jingjie yi Pux- ian xingyuan lue lichen niansong yi].’ In: Chen Yifeng 陳一峰 (ed.) Huayan zhuanzong guoji xueshu yantao hui lunwen ji 華嚴專宗國際學術研討會論文集 [Proceedings of the International Academic Seminar on Huayan Zhuanzong]. Taibei: Huayan Lianshe.
Solonin, Kirill 2020. ‘The Formation of Tangut Ideology: Buddhism and Confucianism.’ In: Carmen Meinert & Henrik H. Sørensen (eds.) Buddhism in Central Asia I: Patronage, Legitimation, Sacred Space and Pilgrimage. Leiden: Brill, 123–148.
Solonin, Kirill [Suo Luoning 索羅寧] 2021. ‘Xixia Dehui shangshi liangzhong chuancheng yu Han Zang fojiao yuanrong 西夏德慧上師兩種傳承與漢藏佛教圓融 [Two Lineages of Tangut Master Dehui and the Perfect Integration of Han-Tibetan Buddhism].’ Zhongguo Zangxue 中國藏學 3: 130–137.
Solonin, Kirill 2022. ‘Textual Evidence for Sino-Tibetan Buddhism in Xixia.’ T’oung Pao 8: 436–485.
Solonin, Kirill [Suo Luoning 索羅寧] 2022. Xixia hanchuan fojiao wenxian yanjiu 西夏漢傳佛教文獻研 究 [Study of the Texts of Sinitic Buddhism in Tangut]. Lanzhou: Gansu Wenhua Chubanshe.
Solonin, Kirill [Suo Luoning 索羅寧] 2023. Dapeng zhanchi: Zangchuan fojiao xinjiu yi mizhou zai Xixia de chuanbo 大鵬展翅:藏傳佛教新舊譯密咒在西夏的傳播 [Garuda in Flight: The Spread of Old and New Tibetan Mantras in Xixia]. Shanghai: Shanghai Guji Chubanshe.
Solonin, Kirill (forthcoming1) ‘Translation and Textual Transmission of Huayan-Chan in Xixia and Issues of Textual Variety.’ Chan Studies
Solonin, Kirill (forthcoming2) ‘The Tangut versions of the Zhonghua chuan xindi chan men shizi chengxi tu by Guifeng Zongmi.’ Hua lin Journal of Buddhist Studies
Solonin, Kirill & Hou Haoran 侯浩然 2023. ‘Buddhism under the Liao and Jin Dynasties.’ In: Jonathan Silk et al. (eds.) Brill Encyclopedia of Buddhism. Vol. 4. Leiden: Brill, 222–235.
Solonin, Kirill & Xie Haoyue 谢皓玥 2021. ‘Tangut Buddhism and the Bodhicittotpādasamādānavidhi.’ Studies in Chinese Religions 7/2-3: 267–278.
Solonin, Kirill & Zhang Yongfu 張永富 2021. ‘Tangut text of Suiyuan ji and the History of Chan Buddhism in Xixia.’ Journal of Chan Buddhism 2: 210–237.
Sun Bojun 孫伯君 2011/2016a. ‘Yuan kan Hezi zang bukao 元刊《河西藏》補考 [A Supplemental Research on the Yuan Edition of Tangut Tripiṭaka].’ In: Xixia wenxian congkao 西夏文獻叢考 [Textual Research on Tangut Literature]. Shanghai: Shanghai Guji Chubanshe, 37–54.
Sun Bojun 孫伯君 2012/2016b. ‘Ecang Xixia wen Damo dashi guanxin lun kaoshi 俄藏西夏文《達摩大 師觀心論》考釋 [A textual Research on the Tangut Version Damo Dashi Guanxin Lun Preserved in Russia].’ In: Xixia wenxian congkao 西夏文獻叢考 [Textual Research on Tangut Literature]. Shanghai: Shanghai Guji Chubanshe, 274–314.
Sun Bojun 孫伯君 2013/2016c. ‘Xixia wenxian zhong de di, hou chenghao 西夏文獻中的帝、后稱號 [On the Nomenclatures of Xixia Emperors and Queens in Tangut Materials].’ In: Xixia wenxian congkao 西 夏文獻叢考 [Textual Research on Tangut Literature]. Shanghai: Shanghai Guji Chubanshe, 91–104.
Sun Bojun 孫伯君 2014/2016d. ‘Chengguan, Xianyan Huayan jing shuchao de Xixia wen yiben 澄觀、鮮演《華嚴經》疏鈔的西夏文譯本 [The Tangut Version Huayanjingshu Chao by Chenguan and Xianyan].’ In: Xixia wenxian congkao 西夏文獻叢考 [Textual Research on Tangut Literature]. Shanghai: Shanghai Guji Chubanshe, 248–258.
Sun Bojun 孫伯君 2022. Yuandai Baiyun zong Xixia wen ziliao huishi yu yanjiu 元代白雲宗西夏文資料匯 釋與研究 [A Corpus of Commentaries and Studies on Tangut Materials Concerning the White-Cloud Sect of the Yuan Dynasty]. Beijing: Zhongguo Shehui Kexue Chubanshe.
Sun Yingxin 孫穎新 2024. ‘Shanzui gou Xixia wen caoshu canye kao 山嘴溝西夏文草書殘葉考 [Concerning Tangut Cursive Frgaments from Shanzui gou].’ (Conference report at the Dunhuang and Xixia Conference, Yinchuan, 23 August 2024.)
Tanaka Ryōsho 田中良昭 1979. ‘Tonkō hon Zengen Shosenshū Tojo zenkan kō 敦煌本《禅源諸詮集都 序》残巻考 [A Study on the Incomplete Manuscript of Dunhuang Version Chan Preface].’ Komazawa Daigaku Bukkyō Gakubu Kenkyū Kiyō 駒澤大學佛教學部研究紀要 37: 51–71.
Tang Jun 唐君 et al. (eds.) 2016. Xixia Hanwen dianji congkao 西夏漢文典籍叢考 [Studies in the Chinese Texts from Xi-xia]. Beijing: Shangwu Yinshuguan.
Wang Chengli 王承禮 & Li Yaquan 利亞泉 1993. ‘Gaoli Yitian dashi zhushu zhong de Liao ren wenxian 高 麗義天大師著述中的遼人文獻 [The Liao Documents Preserved in the Works of Gaoli Great Master Yitian].’ Shehui Kexue Zhanxian 社會科學戰線 2: 182–189.
Wang Jingru 王靜如 1932 ‘Xixia guo ming kao 西夏國名考 [On the Name Shishiah].’ In: Xixia yanjiu 西夏 研究 [Xixia Research]. Beiping: Zhongyang Yanjiuyuan Lishi Yuyan Yanjiusuo, 77–88.
Wang Song 王頌 2008. Songdai Huayan sixiang yanjiu 宋代華嚴思想研究 [A Study on the Huayan Thought in Song Dynasty]. Beijing: Zongjiao Wenhua.
Wang Song 王頌 2016. Huayan Fajie Guanmen jiaoshi yanjiu 華嚴法界觀門校釋研究 [Annotated Critical Edition and Study of the Huayan Fajie Guanmen]. Beijing: Zongjiao Wenhua Chubanshe.
Wang Wei 王巍 1994. ‘Yitian yu Liao he Gaoli de wenhua jiaoliu 義天與遼和高麗的文化交流 [The Cultural Communication between Yitian and Liao and Gaoli].’ Dongbei Shida Xuebao 東北師大學報 5: 63–65.
Yoshida Gō 吉田刚 1997. ‘Chō Sō Kegon kyōgaku no tenkai: Hokkekyō kaishaku no tenkai o chūshin toshite 趙宋華厳教学の展開:法華経解釈の展開を中心として [The Development of Zhao Song Religious Thoughts of Huayan: Focusing on the Development of the Interpretation of the Saddharmapuṇḍarīka Sūtra].’ Komazawa Daigaku Bukkyō Gakubu Ronshū 駒澤大學佛教學部論集 27: 215–225.
Yoshida Gō 吉田刚 2000. ‘Sōdai ni okeru Choron no juyō keitai ni tsuite: junshiki Chūchoronso o megutte 宋代における“肇論”の受容形態について:遵式『注肇論疏』をめぐって [The Reception of the Zhaolun in the Song Dynasty: Centering Around the Zhu Zhaolunshu of Zunshi].’ Indogaku Bukkyōgaku kenkyū 印度學佛教學研究 49/1: 99–102.
Zheng Zulong 鄭祖龍 2015. ‘Shanzui gou shiku chutu de jijian Xixia wenxian canjuan kaozheng 山嘴 溝石窟出土的幾件西夏文獻殘卷考證 [A Research on the Tangut Fragments Found in Shanzuigou Caves].’ Xixia Xue 西夏學 11: 94–101.
Zongmi 宗密, edited by Qiu Gaoxing 邱高興 2008. Chanyuan zhuquanji duxu (ling san zhong) 禪源諸詮 集都序(另三種) [Chan Preface (Another Three)]. Zhengzhou: Zhongzhou Guji Chubanshe.