Garlic is widely used as food flavouring, and China is the world's largest garlic producer and exporter. To develop a convenient technique for evaluation of garlic cultivars would be worthwhile, and it would have wide application in such a huge market. In this research, 3D front-face fluorescence data of 8 garlic cultivars were recorded, and independent component analysis was used to decompose the overall fluorescence spectra into six independent components. The first, second, and fourth independent components showed a big difference among the cultivars, and the chemical fluorophores behind these three components were specified as protein, vitamin B6, and ATP, respectively, as fluorescent markers for evaluation. The result showed that all 8 cultivars cluster separately. The cultivar “YNQJ” have the highest quality in terms of protein and vitamin B6, “NXYC” and “SDHB” have the highest content of ATP, while “SXXA” is the poorest in terms of protein and ATP, and “HNJZ” has the lowest content of vitamin B6. Therefore, rapid evaluation of garlic cultivars can be accomplished successfully by using only the proportion values of three properly selected fluorescent markers.
Bahram, M., Bro, R., Stedmon, C. & Afkhami, A. (2006): Handling of Rayleigh and Raman scatter for PARAFAC modeling of fluorescence data using interpolation. J. Chemometr., 20, 99–105.
Blinova, K., Carroll, S., Bose, S., Smirnov, A.V., Harvey, J.J., … & Balaban, R.S. (2005): Distribution of mitochondrial NADH fluorescence lifetimes: Steady-state kinetics of matrix NADH interactions. Biochemistry, 44, 2585–2594.
Cardoso, J.F. & Souloumiac, A. (1993): Blind beamforming for non-Gaussian signals. IEE Proc. F., 140, 362–370.
Christensen, J., Norgaard, L., Bro, R. & Engelsen, S.B. (2006): Multivariate autofluorescence of intact food systems. Chem. Rev., 106, 1979–1994.
Comon, P. (1994): Independent component analysis, a new concept? Signal Process., 36, 287–314.
Ghisaidoobe, A.B.T. & Chung, S.J. (2014): Intrinsic tryptophan fluorescence in the detection and analysis of proteins: A focus on Förster resonance energy transfer techniques. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 15, 22518–22538.
Hahn, S. & Yoon, G. (2006): Identification of pure component spectra by independent component analysis in glucose prediction based on mid-infrared spectroscopy. Appl. Optics, 45, 8374–8380.
Jiang, J.K., Wu, J. & Liu, X.H. (2010): Fluorescence properties of lake water. Guang Pu Xue Yu Guang Pu Fen Xi, 30, 1525–1529. (In Chinese)
Jin, P., Xia, L., Li, Z., Che, N., Zou, D. & Hu, X. (2012): Rapid determination of thiamine, riboflavin, niacinamide, pantothenic acid, pyridoxine, folic acid and ascorbic acid in vitamins with minerals tablets by high-performance liquid chromatography with diode array detector. J. Pharm. Biomed. Anal., 70, 151–157.
Jouan-Rimbaud Bouveresse, D., Moya-González, A., Ammari, F. & Rutledge, D.N. (2012): Two novel methods for the determination of the number of components in independent components analysis models. Chemometr. Intell. Lab., 112, 24–32.
Rutledge, D.N. & Jouan-Rimbaud Bouveresse, D. (2013): Independent components analysis with the JADE algorithm. TrAC, Trend. Anal. Chem., 50, 22–32.
Santhosha, S.G., Jamuna, P. & Prabhavathi, S.N. (2013): Bioactive components of garlic and their physiological role in health maintenance: A review. Food Biosci., 3, 59–74.
Waterer, D. & Schmitz, D. (1994): Influence of variety and cultural practices on garlic yields in Saskatchewan. Can. J. Plant Sci., 74, 611–614.
Westad, F. & Kermit, M. (2009): Independent component analysis. -in: Brown, S.D., Tauler, R. & Walczak, B. (Eds) Comprehensive chemometrics. Elsevier, oxford, pp. 227–248.
Wu, K., LIu, J.J., LI, X. & Zou, L. (2016): Determination of vitamin A, E in foods for infants and young children, milk and milk products. Farm Products Processing, 9, 41–42. (in Chinese).
Yang, L. & Huiyan, Z. (1996): Shape preserving piecewise cubic interpolation. Applied Mathematics, 11, 419–424.