There have been contradicting observations regarding the prebiotic efficacy of feruloylated oligosaccharides (FOs) extracted from different varieties of cereals with varying oligosaccharides and ferulic acid (FA) levels. The present study was performed to determine whether the mass ratio of xylooligosaccharide (XOS) to FA influences their combined effects on faecal FA content, short chain fatty acid (SCFA) output, and gut stress of d-galactose-treated aging rats. The results show that there was no significant difference in the faecal FA levels of rats fed with 5:1 and 10:1 XOS:FA diet, although the FA level in the 5:1-supplemented diet was twice as much as in the 10:1 diet. More utilisation of FA decreased butyric acid and SCFA output in the faeces for diet 5:1 compared with diets 10:1 XOS:FA or XOS alone. Furthermore, compared with 10:1 XOS:FA or XOS alone treatments, the 5:1 XOS:FA diet resulted in increased 1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl activity and higher ratios of Bifidobacterium or Lactobacillus to Escherichia coli (P < 0.05), while not increasing the number of probiotic Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus. These findings suggest that under the specific stress level set for this study, the sufficient amount of FA added to XOS (5:1) can stimulate FA utilisation to modify gut redox balance, while reducing faecal SCFA output.
Ash, C. (2017). Healthy guts exclude oxygen. Science, 357(6351): 562A. https://www.science.org/doi/epdf/10.1126/science.2017.357.6351.twis (Accessed 4 September 2021).
Byndloss, M.X. , Olsan, E.E. , Rivera-Chávez, F. , Tiffany, C.R. , Cevallos, S.A. , Lokken, K. , Torres, T.P. , Byndloss, A.J. , Faber, F. , …, and Bäumler, A.J. (2017). Microbiota-activated PPAR-γ signaling inhibits dysbiotic Enterobacteriaceae expansion. Science, 357(6351): 570–575.
Cho, H.Y. , Gladwell, W. , Wang, X.T. , Chorley, B , Bell, D. , Reddy, S.P. , and Kleeberger, S.R. (2010). Nrf2-regulated PPAR-γ expression is critical to protection against acute lung injury in mice. American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, 182(2): 170–182.
Deng, W.H. , Shen, Y.B. , Li, Z.Y. , and Jiang, X.N. (2010). Effects of insect-damaged MeJA and terpenes treatment on the induction of phenolic acids in needles of Pinusmassoniana seedlings. (In Chinese). Journal of Beijing Forestry University, 32: 39–43.
Du, W.M. , Wang, F.H. , Zhang, H.Y. , Jiang, B.Z. , Chen, X.Y. , Zhang, W. , Xie, Y. , and Sheng, Z.T. (2018). Polysaccharides and polyphenols in sea buckthorn leaf tea have synergistic impact on studied colonic strains in vitro and bacteria in vivo. Acta Alimentaria, 47: 410–416.
Gong. L.X. , Wang, H.N. , Wang, T.X. , Liu, Y.L. , and Wang, J.J. (2019). Feruloylated oligosaccharides modulate the gut microbiota in vitro via the combined actions of oligosaccharides and ferulic acid. Journal of Functional Foods, 60: 103453.
Huang, J.Q. , Wang, Y.J.R. , Yang, L. , Peng, X.C. , Zheng, J. , and Ou, S.Y. (2018). Effect of maize bran feruloylated oligosaccharides on the formation of endogenous contaminants and the appearance and textural properties of biscuits. Food Chemistry, 245: 974–980.
Lampiasi, N. and Montana, G. (2018). An in vitro inflammation model to study the Nrf2 and NF-κB crosstalk in presence of ferulic acid as modulator. Immunobiology, 223(4–5): 349–355.
Li, X. , Chen, Y. , Shao, S. , Tang, Q. , Chen, W. , Chen,Y. and Xu, X.Y. (2016). Oxidative stress induces the decline of brain epo expression in aging rats. Experimental Gerontology, 83: 89–93.
Li, X.A. , Khan, I. , Xia, W.R. , Huang, G.X. , Liu, L. , Kwan Law, B.Y. , Yin, L. , Liao, W.L. , Leong, L. , … and Hsiao, W.L. (2021). Icariin enhances youth-like features by attenuating the declined gut microbiota in the aged mice. Pharmacological Research, 168: 105587.
Litvak,Y. , Byndloss, M.X. , and Bäumler, A.J. (2018). Colonocyte metabolism shapes the gut microbiota. Science, 362(6418): 1017. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aat9076 (Accessed 4 September 2021).
Liu, R.H. (2007). Whole grain phytochemicals and health. Journal of Cereal Science, 46(3): 207–219.
Lu, C.R. , Li, C. , Chen, B. , and Shen, Y.H. (2018). Composition and antioxidant, antibacterial, and anti-HepG2 cell activities of polyphenols from seed coat of Amygdalus pedunculata Pall. Food Chemistry, 265: 111–119.
Muralikrishna, G. , Schwarz, S. , Dobleit, G. , Fuhrmann, H. , and Krueger, M. (2011). Fermentation of feruloyl and non-feruloyl xylooligosaccharides by mixed faecal cultures of human and cow: a comparative study in vitro. European Food Research & Technology, 232(4): 601–611.
Oliveira, G.K.F. , Tormin, T.F. , Sousa, R.M.F. , de Oliveira, A. , de Morais, S.A.L. , Richter, E.M. , and Munoz, R.A.A. (2016). Batch-injection analysis with amperometric detection of the DPPH radical for evaluation of antioxidant capacity. Food Chemistry, 192: 691–697.
Ou, J.Y. , Huang, J.Q. , Song, Y. , Yao, S.W. ,Peng, X.C. , Wang, M.F. , and Ou, S.Y. (2016). Feruloylated-oligosaccharides from maize bran modulated the gut microbiota in rats. Plant Foods for Human Nutrition, 71(2):123–128.
Perez-Ternero, C. , Werner, C.M. , Nickel, A.G. , Herrera, M.D. , Motilva, M.J. , Bohm, M. , de Sotomayor, M.A. , and Laufs, U. (2017). Ferulic acid, a bioactive component of rice bran, improves oxidative stress and mitochondrial biogenesis and dynamics in mice and in human mononuclear cells. The Journal of Nutritional Biochemistry, 48: 51–61.
Prasad, V.G.N. , Krishna, B.V. , Swamy, P.L. , Rao, T.S. , and Rao, G.S. (2014). Antibacterial synergy between quercetin and polyphenolic acids against bacterial pathogens of fish. Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Disease, 4(Supplement 1): S326–S329.
Qiao, Y. , Sun, J. , Ding, Y.Y. , Le, G.W. , and Shi, Y.H. (2013). Alterations of the gut microbiota in high-fat diet mice is strongly linked to oxidative stress. Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology, 97(4): 1689–1697.
Schwiertz, A. , Taras, D. , Schafer, K. , Beijer, S. , Bos, N.A. , Donus, C. , and Hardt, P.D. (2009). Microbiota and SCFA in lean and overweight healthy subjects. Obesity, 18(1): 190–195.
Sivaprakasam, S. , Prasad, P.D. , and Singh, N. (2016). Benefits of short-chain fatty acids and their receptors in inflammation and carcinogenesis. Pharmacology & Therapeutics, 164: 144–151.
Yang, C. , Deng, Q.C. , Xu, J.Q. , Wang, X. , Hu, C. , Tang, H. , and Huang, F.H. (2019). Sinapic acid and resveratrol alleviate oxidative stress with modulation of gut microbiota in high-fat diet-fed rats. Food Research International, 116: 1202–1211.
You, Y.Z. , Li, P.F. , Lei, F.H. , Xing, Y. , and Jiang, J.X. (2017). Enhancement of ethanol production from green liquor-ethanol-pretreated sugarcane bagasse by glucose-xylose cofermentation at high solid loadings with mixed Saccharomyces cerevisiae strains. Biotechnology for Biofuels, 10: 92.
Ziegler, K. , Kerimi, A. , Poquet, L. , and Williamson, G. (2016). Butyric acid increases transepithelial transport of ferulic acid through upregulation of the monocarboxylate transporters SLC16A1 (MCT1) and SLC16A3 (MCT4). Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics, 599: 3–12.