Membrane filtration has a promising advantage in the processing of egg products. In this study, liquid egg whites (LEW) were separately concentrated by using reverse osmosis (RO) and ultrafiltration (UF) techniques. The first aim of this research was to determine the effects of the concentration pre-treatments on the physico-chemical quality criteria (pH, relative whipping capacity, foaming stability, water holding capacity-WHC, colour) and the rheological behaviour (viscosity, oscillation) of LEW samples. The second aim of this research was to investigate the impact of the membrane pre-treatment on meringue's functional quality attributes such as meringue batter density and meringue batter colour values (L*, a*, b*). The average dry matter of LEW was increased from 12% to 23% by the concentration pre-treatment process (RO and UF), and water was removed from the LEW. In addition, the batter density of meringue cookie samples was 0.37 ± 0.01 g mL−1 in UF and RO. The differences between the pH and dry matter values of the ultrafiltration and reverse osmosis treated groups were found to be statistically similar, and it was observed that the elastic modulus (G′) increased with the increase in frequency in the rheological measurements. It has been determined that G′ is higher than G″ in all samples. An elastic/solid-like (G′ > G″) structural behaviour was determined while increasing the frequency value. It was determined that the WHC of LEW treated with RO was higher than of the group treated with UF. The results of the study showed that while reducing transportation and storage costs, the water content of >80% of LEW (raw material-the treated liquid egg white) removed by UF and RO applications can be suitable to produce meringue batter cookies (semi-finished product).
Asaithambi, N., Singha, P., and Singh, S.K. (2022). Comparison of the effect of different desugarization techniques on the functionality of egg white protein hydrolysates. Applied Food Research ,2(2): 100152.
Conrad, K.M., Mast, M.G., Ball, H.R., Froning, G., and MacNeil, J.H. (1993). Concentration of liquid egg white by vacuum evaporation and reverse osmosis. Journal of Food Science ,58: 1017–1020.
Damodaran, S. (2007). Amino acids, peptides, and proteins. In: Damodaran, S. and Parkin, K (Eds.) Fennema's food chemistry .CRC Press, Boca Raton. pp. 269–281.
Froning, G.W., Wehling, R.L., Ball, H.R., and Hill, R.M. (1986). Effect of ultrafiltration and reverse osmosis on the composition and functional properties of egg white. Poultry Science ,66: 1168–1173.
Gao, J., Shi, Q., Ye, Y., Wu, Y., Chen, H., and Tong, P. (2022). Effects of guar gum or xanthan gum addition in conjunction with pasteurization on liquid egg white. Food Chemistry, 383: 132378.
Girton, A.R., MacNeil, J.H., and Anantheswaran, R.C. (1999). Effect of initial product temperature and initial pH on foaming time during vacuum evaporation of liquid whole eggs. Poultry Science, 78: 1452–1458.
Lv, X., Huang, X., Ma, B., Chen, Y., Batool, Z., Fu, X., and Jin, Y. (2022). Modification methods and applications of egg protein gel properties: a review. Comprehensive Reviews in Food Science and Food Safety ,21: 2233–2252.
Márki, E., Vas-Vincze, I., Tóvári, L., and Vatai, Gy. (2012). Concentration of liquid whole egg by membrane filtration. Acta Alimentaria, 41: 120–132.
Mine, Y. (1995). Recent advances in the understanding of egg white protein functionality. Trends in Food Science & Technology ,6(7): 225–232.
Mizu, T. and Nagao, K. (2010). Thermal conduction in egg albumen foam (meringue) during heating. Journal of the Japanese Society for Food Science and Technology ,57(1): 20–25.
Ould Eleya, M.M. and Gunesekaran, S. (2002). Gelling properties of egg white produced using a conventional and a low-shear reverse osmosis process. Journal of Food Science, 67: 725–729.
Pei, J., Pei, S., Wang, W., Li, S., Youravong, W., and Li, Z. (2020). Athermal forward osmosis process for the concentration of liquid egg white: process performance and improved physicochemical property of protein. Food Chemistry ,312: 126032.
SAS (2003). SAS user guide version 9.1.3, Statistical Analysis Systems Institute, Cary, NC USA.
Stefanova, I.L., Klimenkova, A.Y., Shakhnazarova, L.V., and Mazo, V.K. (2021). Chicken egg white-characteristics of its properties and the prospects for functional foods development. Theory and Practice of Meat Processing ,6: 163–173.
Sun, C., Liu, J., Yang, N., and Xu, G. (2019). Egg quality and egg albumen property of domestic chicken, duck, goose, Turkey, quail, and pigeon. Poultry Science ,98: 4516–4521.
Wang, Y., Zhao, J., Zhang, S., Zhao, X., Liu, Y., Jiang, J., and Xiong, Y.L. (2022). Structural and rheological properties of mung bean protein emulsion as a liquid egg substitute: the effect of pH shifting and calcium. Food Hydrocolloids ,126: 107485.
Yuceer, M. and Caner, C. (2022). Journal of Food Science and Technology ,59: 927–934.
Yüceer, M. (2020a). Evaluation of physicochemical properties on meringue prepared from phospholipase A2 enzyme-hydrolyzed liquid egg albumen. European Food Research and Technology ,246: 1847–1856.
Yüceer, M. (2020b). Structural and rheological characterisation of liquid egg white modified with phospholipase A2 enzyme. Journal of Food Processing and Preservation ,44(6): e14450.
Yüceer, M. (2022). Characterisation of pasteurized and sonicated whole shell egg and evaluating egg's interior quality during storage period. Journal of Food Process Engineering ,46(1): e14194.
Yüceer, M. and Asik, H. (2020). Texture, rheology, storage stability, and sensory evaluation of meringue's prepared from lipase enzyme‐modified liquid egg white. Journal of Food Processing and Preservation ,44(9): e14667.
Yüceer, M. and Caner, C. (2021). Effects of protease-hydrolyzed egg white on the meringue batter properties and meringue textural and sensory properties during storage. International Journal of Gastronomy and Food Science ,25: 100409.
Yüceer, M. and Caner, C. (2022a). The enhancement of the physicochemical and functional characterisation of egg white proteins using different enzymes during storage. Acta Alimentaria ,51: 145–154.
Yüceer, M. and Caner, C. (2022b). Improvement of structural characteristics for liquid egg white by enzyme treatment. Journal of Culinary Science & Technology, 2022: 2034692. https://doi.org/10.1080/15428052.2022.2034692.
Yüceer, M. and Caner, C. (2022c). Investigate the enzyme-texturized egg albumen on the functionality, sensorial and textural characteristics of cooked meringue cookies during storage. Journal of Food Measurement and Characterisation ,16: 2961–2968.