The study investigates the antimicrobial effects of the Hypericum crenulatum ethanolic (HCE) extract against 14 different food pathogens and their biofilm-forming abilities in response to HCE treatment. The phenolic acid composition of the HCE extract was also determined using an HPLC-DAD detector. The antimicrobial activity of HCE extract was assessed using the disc diffusion and microdilution methods. According to the findings, the methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 43300, Listeria monocytogenes RSKK 472, and Listeria innocua ATCC 33090 strains exhibited the lowest minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values at a concentration of 2 μg mL−1. Based on the disc diffusion test results, the largest zone of inhibition of HCE extract against foodborne pathogens was seen against Bacillus cereus, and the diameter of the inhibition zone increased with the concentration of HCE extract (P < 0.05). In terms of phenolic acid composition of HCE extract, the phenolic acids with the highest and lowest amounts were caffeic acid (59.92 mg g−1) and p-coumaric acid (13.61 μg g−1), respectively. Our study determined that the HCE extract demonstrated antimicrobial, bactericidal, and antibiofilm activities against some foodborne pathogens. These effects reveal its potential for improving food safety by inhibiting the growth of these pathogens.
Aslantürk, Ö.S. (2010 ). Aydın yöresinde kullanılan bazı tıbbi bitkilerin antioksidant ve sitotoksik etkilerinin araştırılması (Investigation of antioxidant and cytotoxic effects of some medicinal plants used in Aydın region). MSc. Thesis Aydın Adnan Menderes University, p. 100.
Aydemir, İ., Ozkan, O., and Savran, A. (2020). The effects of Hypericum crenulatum polysaccharides on the proliferation of cancer cells. Ege Tıp Bilimleri Dergisi, 3(1): 1–6.
Azwanida, N.N. (2015). A review on the extraction methods use in medicinal plants, principle, strength and limitation. Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, 4(3): 100196.
Bagheri, R., Bohlouli, S., Maleki Dizaj, S., Shahi, S., Memar, M.Y., and Salatin, S. (2022). The antimicrobial and anti-biofilm effects of Hypericum perforatum oil on common pathogens of periodontitis: an in vitro study. Clinics and Practice, 12(6): 1009–1019.
Bahmani, M., Taherikalani, M., Khaksarian, M., Soroush, S., Ashrafi, B., and Heydari, R. (2019). Phytochemical profiles and antibacterial activities of hydroalcoholic extracts of Origanum vulgare and Hypericum perforatum and carvacrol and hypericin as a promising anti-Staphylococcus aureus. Mini Reviews in Medicinal Chemistry, 19(11): 923–932.
Bayramoglu, G., Bayramoglu, A., Engur, S., Senturk, H., Ozturk, N., and Colak, S. (2014). The hepatoprotective effects of Hypericum perforatum L. on hepatic ischemia/reperfusion injury in rats. Cytotechnology, 66(3): 443–448.
Bridi, H., Pustay, A.P., Bordignon, S.A.D.L., Picoli, S.U., von Poser, G.L., and Ferraz, A.D.B.F. (2022). Antimicrobial activity of dimeric acylphloroglucinols isolated from southern Brazilian Hypericum species against to resistant bacterial. Natural Product Research, 36(24): 6448–6452.
Camps, J., Pujol, I., Ballester, F., Joven, J., and Simó, J.M. (2011). Paraoxonases as potential antibiofilm agents: their relationship with quorum-sensing signals in Gram-negative bacteria. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, 55(4): 1325–1331.
Caponio, F., Alloggio, V., and Gomes, T. (1999). Phenolic compounds of virgin olive oil: influence of paste preparation techniques. Food Chemistry, 64(2): 203–209.
Dall'Agnol, R., Ferraz, A., Bernardi, A.P., Albring, D., Nör, C., Sarmento, L., Lamb, L., Hass, M., von Poser, G., and Schapoval, E.E.S. (2003). Antimicrobial activity of some Hypericum species. Phytomedicine, 10(6–7): 511–516.
Dhingra, S., Rahman, N.A.A., Peile, E., Rahman, M., Sartelli, M., Hassali, M.A., Islam, T., Islam, S., and Haque, M. (2020). Microbial resistance movements: an overview of global public health threats posed by antimicrobial resistance, and how best to counter. Frontiers in Public Health, 8: 535668.
Ghodrati, L., Ataie Kachoie, M., Mousavi-Fard, S., and Moattar, F. (2021). Study the antimicrobial effects of methanolic extract of Hypericum perforatum on foodborne bacteria. (In Persian with English abstract). Journal of Food Microbiology, 8(4): 56–66.
Ilieva, Y., Marinov, T., Trayanov, I., Kaleva, M., Zaharieva, M.M., Yocheva, L., Kokanova-Nedialkova, Z., Nadjenski, H., and Nedialkov, P. (2023). Outstanding antibacterial activity of Hypericum rochelii – comparison of the antimicrobial effects of extracts and fractions from four Hypericum species growing in Bulgaria with a focus on prenylated phloroglucinols. Life (Basel), 13(2): 274.
Liu, X., Bai, Y., Wang, Y., Chen, Y., Dong, W., and Zhang, Z. (2023). Complete chloroplast genome of Hypericum perforatum and dynamic evolution in Hypericum (Hypericaceae). International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 24(22): 16130.
Marcinkiewicz, J., Strus, M., and Pasich, E. (2013). Antibiotic resistance: a “dark side” of biofilm-associated chronic infections. Polskie Archiwum Medycyny Wewnętrznej = Polish Archives of Internal Medicine, 123(6): 309–313.
Mostafa, A.A., Al-Askar, A.A., Almaary, K.S., Dawoud, T.M., Sholkamy, E.N., and Bakri, M.M. (2018). Antimicrobial activity of some plant extracts against bacterial strains causing food poisoning diseases. Saudi Journal of Biological Sciences, 25(2): 361–366.
Ng, Q.X., Venkatanarayanan, N., and Ho, C.Y.X. (2017). Clinical use of Hypericum perforatum (St John's wort) in depression: a meta-analysis. Journal of Affective Disorders, 210: 211–221.
Öztürk, Ş., Hazer, Y., Kaşkatepe, B., Çölgeçen, H., and Kulak, M. (2023). Kırmızı Kantaron (Hypericum capitatum) Bitkisi: Fenolik İçeriklerinin, Antioksidan Aktivitesinin Belirlenmesi ve Klinik İzolatlar Üzerinde Antimikrobiyal Etkinliğinin Araştırılması (St. John's Wort (Hypericum capitatum) plant: determination of phenolic contents, antioxidant activity and investigation of antimicrobial activity on clinical isolates). Batı Karadeniz Tıp Dergisi, 7(1): 57–65.
Pereira, R.F.A., Andre, L.S.P., Pinheiro, F.R., Scaffo, J., Corrêa, A.L., Ribeiro, T.A.N., Sachs, D., Rocha, L., and Aguiar-Alves, F. (2022). Hypericum brasiliense: bactericidal and antibiofilm activity against Staphylococcus aureus in vitro. Natural Product Research, 36(10): 2643–2647.
Romulo, A., Zuhud, E.A., Rondevaldova, J., and Kokoska, L. (2018). Screening of in vitro antimicrobial activity of plants used in traditional Indonesian medicine. Pharmaceutical Biology, 56(1): 287–293.
Sarkisian, S.A., Janssen, M.J., Matta, H., Henry, G.E., LaPlante, K.L., and Rowley, D.C. (2012). Inhibition of bacterial growth and biofilm production by constituents from Hypericum spp. Phytotherapy Research, 26(7): 1012–1016.
Schiavone, B.I.P., Rosato, A., Marilena, M., Gibbons, S., Bombardelli, E., Verotta, L., Franchini, C., and Corbo, F. (2013). Biological evaluation of hyperforin and its hydrogenated analogue on bacterial growth and biofilm production. Journal of Natural Products, 76(9): 1819–1823.
Soyuçok, A. (2022). The effects of some essential oils on methicilin resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Turkish Journal of Agriculture-Food Science and Technology, 10(1): 49–53.
Sudagidan, M. and Aydin, A. (2010). Virulence properties of methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus food isolates encoding Panton–Valentine Leukocidin gene. International Journal of Food Microbiology, 138(3): 287–291.
Sudagidan, M. and Yemenicioğlu, A. (2012). Effects of nisin and lysozyme on growth inhibition and biofilm formation capacity of Staphylococcus aureus strains isolated from raw milk and cheese samples. Journal of Food Protection, 75(9): 1627–1633.
Temel, A. and Eraç, B. (2018). Bakteriyel biyofilmler: Saptama yöntemleri ve antibiyotik direncindeki rolü (Bacterial biofilms: detection methods and role in antibiotic resistance). Türk Mikrobiyoloji Cemiyeti Dergisi, 48(1): 1–13.
Tuncel, N.B. and Yılmaz, N. (2010). Kaz dağları’ndan toplanan bazı bitkilerin fenolik asit kompozisyonlarının yüksek performanslı sıvı kromatografisi ile belirlenmesi (Determination of phenolic acid compositions of some plants collected from Kaz Mountains by high performance liquid chromatography). Akademik Gıda, 8(3): 18–23.
Yalcınkaya, E., Basaran, M.M., Tunckasık, M.E., Yazici, G.N., Elmas, Ç., and Kocaturk, S. (2022). Efficiency of Hypericum perforatum, povidone iodine, tincture benzoin and tretinoin on wound healing. Food and Chemical Toxicology, 166: 113209.