This study aimed to prepare water-in-oil-type gelled protein emulsions. Sorghum, chickpea, and barley proteins were extracted from the seed flours with an alkaline procedure, and 2% protein solutions were used as an aqueous phase with Span 20 emulsifier to create sunflower oil emulsion gels. Prepared gels were analysed for main physicochemical properties, polymorphism, and rheology. Results showed that stable emulsion gels were creamy-greenish in colour and had mechanical stability. They included β and β′ type fat crystals. Rheological analyses indicated that they were soft-gel-like preparates, having certain levels of structural recovery ability after shear. These emulsion gels could be spreadable-fat-like products or shortening alternatives in processed foods. They might provide an extra advantage due to plant protein content. Food application studies are anticipated in future studies.
AOCS (2012). AOCS Official Method Cj 2-95. X-ray diffraction analysis of fats. In: Official methods and recommended practices of the AOCS, 6th Ed.. AOCS Press, Champaign, IL, USA.
Bradford, M.M. (1976). A rapid and sensitive method for the quantitation of microgram quantities of protein utilizing the principle of protein-dye binding. Analytical Biochemistry, 72: 248–254.
Chrysam, M.M. (1996). Margarines and spreads. In: Hui, Y.H. (Ed.), Bailey's industrial oil and fat products, Vol. 3. Wiley-Intersience Pub, New York, US, pp. 65–114.
Dickinson, E. (2012). Emulsion gels: the structuring of soft solids with protein-stabilised oil droplets. Food Hydrocolloids, 28(1): 224–241.
Grasso, N., Lynch, N.L., Arendt, E.K, and O'Mahony, J.A. (2022). Chickpea protein ingredients: a review of composition, functionality and applications. Comprehensive Review of Food Science and Food Safety, 21(1): 435–452.
Keskin Uslu, E. and Yılmaz, E. (2021). Oleogels of some plant-based waxes: characterization and comparison with sunflower wax oleogel. Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society, 98(6): 643–655.
Lukinac, J. and Jukic, M. (2022). Barley in the production of cereal-based products. Plants, 11(24): 3519.
McClements, D.J. (2020). Future foods: a manifesto for research priorities in structural design of foods. Food & Function, 11: 1933–1945.
Mezger, T.G. (2014). Applied rheology, 1st ed.. Anton Paar GmbH, Austria.
Minitab (2010). Minitab statistical software (Version 16.1). Minitab, Inc., State.
Stahl, M.A., Buscato, M.H.M., and Grimaldi, R. (2017). Low sat-structured fats enriched in α-linolenic acid: physicochemical properties and crystallization characteristics. Journal of Food Science and Technology, 54(11): 3391–3403.
Xiao, J., Chen, Y., and Huang, Q. (2017). Physicochemical properties of kafirin protein and its applications as building blocks of functional delivery systems. Food & Function, 8: 1402–1413.
Zhang, S., Jiang, Y., Zhang, S., and Chen, L. (2022). Physical properties of peanut and soy protein-based emulsion gels ınduced by various coagulants. Gels, 8(2): 79.