The aim of this paper is to deal with the so-called Lesbian triad, documented by Sappho and Alcaeus, and to determine the nature of the festival and the sanctuary linked to it. I will deal with the problem of the identity of the gods, probably the same, that is Zeus, Hera and Dionysos in both literary sources. I will tackle also the issue of whether it is possible to talk about a Lesbian triad of gods, as supported since the last century, but that has been questioned recently. I will try to determine the main features of the festival, probably an annual celebration including beauty contests and commemorating the establishment of the Greeks in the island. The location of the holy precinct in which the festival took place has been very controversial, but the more believable hypothesis identifies it with a sanctuary by the name of Messon, located in the center of the island next to the old Pyrrha.
Adrados, F. R. 1986: Lírica griega Arcaica. Poemas corales y monódicos, 700–300 a. C. Introducciones, traducciones y notas. Madrid
Beatti, A. 1956: A note on Alcaeus fr. 129. ClassicalReview n. s. 6, 34, pp. 189–191.
Bernabé, A. 2013: Dioniso en los documentos micénicos. In Bernabé, A. – Jiménez San Cristóbal, A. I. – Santamaría, M. A. (eds): Dioniso. Los orígenes. Textos e imágenes de Dioniso y lo dionisíaco en la Grecia antigua. Madrid, pp. 13–27.
Bernabé, A. 2013b: Dioniso en la épica griega arcaica. In Bernabé, A. – Jiménez San Cristóbal, A. I. – Santamaría, M. A. (eds): Dioniso. Los orígenes. Textos e imágenes de Dioniso y lo dionisíaco en la Grecia antigua. Madrid, pp. 29–85.
Bernabé, A. 2013c: L’ epiteto Εἰραφιώτης e la legittimità di Dioniso. In Cosentino, A. – Monaca, M. A. (a cura di): Studium sapientiae. Atti della giornata di studio in onore di Giulia Sfameni Gasparro, 28 gennaio 2011. Soveria Mannelli, pp. 57–73.
Bernabé, A. – Jiménez San Cristóbal, A. I. – Santamaría, M. A. (eds) 2013: Dioniso. Los orígenes. Textos e imágenes de Dioniso y lo dionisíaco en la Grecia antigua. Madrid
Bierl, A. – Lardinois, A. (eds) 2016: The Newest Sappho: P. Sapph. Obbink and P. GC inv. 105, frs 1–4. Leiden–Boston
Bowie, E. 2016: How Did Sappho’s Songs Get into the Male Sympotic Repertoire? In Bierl, A. – Lardinois, A. (eds): The Newest Sappho: P. Sapph. Obbink and P. GC inv. 105, frs. 1–4, Leiden–Boston, pp. 148–164.
Brown, Ch. 1982: Dionysus and the Women of Elis: PMG 871. Greek, Roman and Byzantine Studies 23, pp. 305–314.
Buchholz, H. G. 1975: Methymna. Archäologische Beiträge zur Topographie und Geschichte von Nordlesbos. Mainz
Burkert, W. 1985: Greek Religion. Archaic and Classical. Oxford
Burris, S. – Fish, J. – Obbink, D. 2014: New Fragments of Book 1 of Sappho. Zeitschrift für Papyrologie und Epigraphik 189, pp. 1–28.
Caciagli, S. 2010: Iltemenos di Messon: uno stesso contesto per Saffo e Alceo. Lexis 28, pp. 227–256.
Caciagli, S. 2016: Sappho Fragment 17: Wishing Charaxos a Safe Trip? In Bierl, A. – Lardinois, A. (eds): The Newest Sappho: P. Sapph. Obbink and P. GC inv. 105, frs 1–4. Leiden–Boston, pp. 424–448.
Calame, C. 2009: ReferentialFiction and Poetic Ritual: Towards a Pragmatics of Myth (Sappho 17 and Bacchylides 13). Trends in Classics 1, pp. 1–17.
Calame, C. 2011: The Semiotics and Pragmatics of Myth. In Dowden, K. – Livingstone, N. (eds): A Companion to Greek Mythology. Oxford, pp. 519–524.
Campbell, D. A. 1990: Greek Lyric. 1, Sappho and Alcaeus. Cambridge, MA
Casadio, G. 1994: Storia delculto di Dioniso in Argolide. Roma
Catenacci, C. 2007: Dioniso κεμήλιος. (Alceo, fr. 129, 8 V.). Quaderni Urbinati di Cultura Classica 85, pp. 37–39.
Cole, S. G. 2004: Landscapes, Gender, and Ritual Space. The Ancient Greek Experience. Berkeley
Deubner, L. 1943: Zu den neuen Bruchstücken des Alkaios. Abhandlungen der Preußischen Akademie der Wissenschaften Pr 7, pp. 3–14. (=Deubner, O. [Hrsg.]: Kleine Schriften zur klassischen Altertumskunde. Königsten, 1982, pp. 691–704).
Farnell, L. R. 1909: The Cult of the Greek States. Vol. V. Oxford [repr. 2005]
Ferrari, F. 2010: Sappho’s Gift: The Poet and Her Community. Ann Arbor (=Una mitra per Kleis. Saffo elilsuo pubblico. Pisa, 2007).
Ferrari, F. 2014: Saffo e i suoi fratelli e altri brani delprimo libro. Zeitschrift für Papyrologie und Epigraphik 192, pp. 1–19.
Gallavotti, C. 1942: Studi sulla lirica greca: 5. Nuovi carmi di Alceo da Ossirinco. Rivista di filologia e di istruzione classica 70, pp. 161–181.
Gallavotti, C. 1956: La triade lesbia in un testo miceneo. Rivista di filologia e di istruzione classica 84, pp. 225–236.
Gentili, B. – Catenacci, C. 2007 3: Polinnia. Poesia Greca Arcaica. Messina–Firenze
Goff, B. 2004: Citizen Bacchae. Women’s RitualPractice in Ancient Greece. Berkeley
Henrichs, A. 1981: Human Sacrifice in Greek Religion: Three Case Studies. In Rudhardt, J. – Reverdin, O. (éd.): Le sacrifice dans l’Antiquité. Genève, pp. 195–235.
Hutchinson, G. O. 2001: Greek Lyric Poetry. A Commentary on Selected Larger Pieces. Oxford
Jeanmaire, H. 1951: Dionysos. Histoire du culte de Bacchus. Paris 1951 [repr. 1978]
Jiménez San Cristóbal, A. I. in press 1: Dionysus Omestes: from Alcaeus to Plutarch.
Jiménez San Cristóbal, A. I. in press 2: Fiestas dionisíacas en Lesbos. In Jiménez San Cristóbal, A. I. (ed.): Los antiguos se van de fiesta. Aspectos de las fiestas en elmundo mediterráneo
Kerényi, K. 1976: Dionysos, Archetypal Image of Indestructible Life. Princeton
Koldewey, R. 1890: Die antiken Baureste der InselLesbos. Berlin
Lasserre, F. 1989: Sappho. Une autre lecture. Padua
Lebreton, S. 2009: Dionysos Ômèstès (Plutarque, Thémistocle, 13; Antoine, 24). In Bodiou, L. et al. (éd.): Chemin faisant. Mythes, cultes et société en Grèce ancienne. Mélanges en l’ honneur de Pierre Brulé. Rennes, pp. 193–203.
Liberman, G. 2002 2: Alcée. Fragments. Paris [19911]
Lidov, J. 2004: Hera in Sappho, fr. 17 L-P, V – and Aeneid I? Mnemosyne 57, pp. 387–406.
Lidov, J. 2016a: Songs for Sailors and Lovers. In Bierl, A. – Lardinois, A. (eds): The Newest Sappho: P. Sapph. Obbink and P. GC inv. 105, frs. 1–4. Leiden–Boston, pp. 55–109.
Lidov, J. 2016b: Notes on the First Stanza of Fragment 17. In Bierl, A. – Lardinois, A. (eds): The Newest Sappho: P. Sapph. Obbink and P. GC inv. 105, frs. 1–4. Leiden–Boston, pp. 415–423.
Lobel, E. 1941: The Oxyrhinchus Papyri, Part XVIII. London
Nagy, G. 1993: Alcaeus in sacred place. In Pretagostini, R. (a cura di): Tradizione e innovazione nella cultura greca da Omero all’ età ellenistica. Scritti in onore di B. Gentili. Vol. I. Roma, pp. 221–225.
Nagy, G. 2007: Did Sappho and Alcaeus ever Meet? Symmetry of Myth and Ritualin Performing the Song of Ancient Lesbos. In Bierl, A. – Lämmle, R. – Wesselmann, K. (Hrsgg.): Literatur und Religion 1. Wege zu einer mythisch-rituellen Poetik bei den Griechen. Berlin – New York, pp. 211–269.
Nagy, G. 2016: A Poetics of Sisterly Affect in the Brothers Song and in Other Song of Sappho. In Bierl, A. – Lardinois, A. (eds): The Newest Sappho: P. Sapph. Obbink and P. GC inv. 105, frs. 1–4. Leiden–Boston, pp. 449–492.
Neri, C. 2014: Una festa auspicata? (Sapph. fr. 17 V. e P. GC. inv. 105 fr. 2 c. II rr. 9–28). Eikasmós 25, pp. 11–24.
Obbink, D. 2014: Two New Poems by Sappho. Zeitschrift für Papyrologie und Epigraphik 189, pp. 32–49.
Obbink, D. 2015: Provenance, Authenticity, and Text of the New Sappho Papyri. Paper read at the “Society for ClassicalStudies” Panel: “New fragments of Sappho”. New Orleans, 9 January, pp. 1–37. [www.papyrology.ox.ac.uk/Fragments/SCS. Sappho.2015.Obbink.paper.pdf]. Last view 27/01/2016.
Obbink, D. 2016a: The Newest Sappho: Text, Apparatus Criticus, and Translation. In Bierl, A. – Lardinois, A. (eds): The Newest Sappho: P. Sapph. Obbink and P. GC inv. 105, frs. 1–4, Leiden–Boston, pp. 13–33.
Obbink, D. 2016b: Ten Poems of Sappho: Provenance, Authenticity, and Text of the New Sappho Papyri. In Bierl, A. – Lardinois, A. (eds): The Newest Sappho: P. Sapph. Obbink and P. GC inv. 105, frs. 1–4, Leiden–Boston, pp. 34–54.
Obbink, D. 2016c: Goodbye Family Gloom! The Coming of Charaxos in the Brothers Song. In Bierl, A. – Lardinois, A. (eds): The Newest Sappho: P. Sapph. Obbink and P. GC inv. 105, frs. 1–4, Leiden–Boston, pp. 208–224.
O’Brien, J. V. 1993: The Transformation of Hera.
Lanham, MD Otto, W. F. 1997: Dioniso. Mito y culto. Madrid (Dionysos. Mythos und Kultus, Frankfurt 19482)
Page, D. L. 1955: Sappho and Alcaeus. An Introduction to the Study of Ancient Lesbian Poetry. Oxford
Page, D. L. 1981: Further Greek Epigrams. Cambridge (FGE)
Picard, Ch. 1946: La triade Zeus-Héra-Dionysos dans l’Orient hellénique d’après les noveaux fragments d’Alcée. Bulletin de Correspondance Hellénique 70, pp. 455–473.
Picard, Ch. 1962: Où fut à Lesbos, au VIIe siècle, l’asyle temporaire du poète Alcée? Revue archéologique, pp. 43–69.
Pirenne-Delforge, V. – Pironti, G. 2014: Héra et Zeus à Lesbos: Entre poésie lyrique et décrit civique. Zeitschrift für Papyrologie und Epigraphik 191, pp. 27–31.
Porres, S. 2013a: Dioniso en la lírica griega arcaica. In Bernabé, A. – Jiménez San Cristóbal, A. I. – Santamaría, M. A. (eds): Dioniso. Los orígenes. Textos e imágenes de Dioniso y lo dionisíaco en la Grecia antigua. Madrid, pp. 117–193.
Porres, S. 2013b: Dioniso en la poesía lírica griega, Tesis doctoral. Madrid [http:// eprints.ucm.es/24575/1/T35156.pdf]. Last view 27/01/2016.
Porro, A. 1996: Alceo. Frammenti. Firenze
Porro, A. 2004: Alcaeus. In Bastianini, G. et al. (edd): Commentaria et lexica graeca in papyris repertae. Pars. I: Comentaria et lexica in auctoris. V. 1 Aeschynes-Alcaeus. München–Leipzig, pp. 75–246.
Pulleyn, S. 1997: Prayer in Greek Religion. Oxford
Quinn, J. D. 1961: Cabe Phokas, Lesbos. Site for an archaic sanctuary of Zeus, Hera and Dionysus? American Journalof Archaeology 65, pp. 391–393.
Robert, L. 1960: Recherches épigraphiques. Inscriptions de Lesbos. Revue des études anciennes 62, pp. 285–315 (=Opera Minora Selecta 2. Amsterdam 1969, pp. 801–831). Rodríguez
Somolinos, H. 1998: Elléxico de los poetas lesbios. Madrid
Seaford, R. 2006: Dionysos. London–New York
Shields, E. L. 1917: The Cults of Lesbos. Menasha, Wisconsin
Stella, L. A. 1956: Gli dei di Lesbo in Alceo fr. 129 LP. La Parola delPassato 46, pp. 321–334.
Tümpel, K. 1891: Lesbiaka. Philologus 50, pp. 566–568.
Voigt, E. M. 1971: Sappho et Alcaeus. Amsterdam
West, M. L. 2014: Nine poems of Sappho. Zeitschrift für Papyrologie und Epigraphik 191, pp. 1–12.
Wilamovitz-Moellendorff, U. von 1914: Neue lesbische Lyrik (Oxyrrinchus-Papyri X). Neue Jahrbücher für klassische Altertum 33, pp. 225–247.