A spray-dried powder containing Bacillus megaterium was developed and tested for control of rice sheath blight disease in the greenhouse. The formulation consisted of 20 ml of an endospore suspension of B. megaterium, 20% w/v of skim milk powder and 1.25% w/v of polyvinyl pyrrolidone k-90, that were mixed and spray dried at 120 °C. The powder displayed good physical characteristics, such as a low-moisture content and a high solubility in water. Bacterial viability in the powder was 3.5±0.1 × 1011 cfu/g after production and remained relatively stable (at 2.2±0.1 × 1010 cfu/g) after 12 months of storage at room temperature. In the laboratory, a 0.1% (w/v) aqueous solution of the formulation was effective in inhibiting the mycelia growth of Rhizoctonia solani (98.5±0.1% inhibition). Under greenhouse conditions, a 0.1% (w/v) aqueous solution applied by either spraying 1 day before inoculating R. solani or spraying 1, 7 and 15 days after inoculation of rice plants with R. solani was more effective in suppressing sheath blight disease than the blank formulation but was less effective than a chemical fungicide control.
Abadias, M., Benabarre, A., Teixido, N., Usall, J., Vinas, I. 2001. Effect of freeze-drying and protectants on viability of the biocontrol yeast Candida sake. Int. J. of Food Microbiol. 65:173–182.
Ananta, E., Volkert, M., Knorr, D. 2005. Cellular injuries and storage stability of spray-dried Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG. Int. Dairy J. 15:399–409.
Anh, S.W., de La Pena, R., Candole, B.L., Mew, T.W. 1986. A new scale for rice sheath blight disease assessment. International Rice Research Institute. Manila, Philippines. pp. 11–17.
Boza, Y., Barbin, D., Scamparini, A.R.P. 2004. Effect of spray-drying on the quality of encapsulated cells of Beijerinckia sp. Process Biochem. 39:1275–1284.
Burges, H.D. 1998. Formulation of mycoinsecticides. In: Burges, H.D. (ed.), Formulation of Microbial Biopesticides: Beneficial microorganism, Nematodes and Seed treatments, Kluwer Academic Publishers. Dordrecht, The Netherlands. pp. 131–187.
Bühler, V. 2001. Kollidon: Polyvinyl Pyrrolidone for the Pharmaceutical Industry. 6th Ed. BASF, Pharma Ingredients. Ludwigshafen, Germany. pp. 139–157.
Chumthong, A., Kanjanamaneesathian, M., Pengnoo, A., Wiwattanapatapee, R. 2008. Water-soluble granules containing Bacillus megaterium for biological control of rice sheath blight: Formulation, bacterial viability and efficacy testing. World J. of Microbiol. and Biotechnol. 24:2499–2507.
Conrad, P.B., Miller, D.P., Cielenski, P.R., de Pablo, J.J. 2000. Stabilization and preservation of Lactobacillus acidophilus in saccharide matrices. Crybiology 41:17–24.
Desmond, C., Stanton, C., Fitzgerald, G.F., Collins, K., Ross, R.P. 2001. Environmental adaptation of probiotic lactobacilli towards improvement of performance during spray drying. Int. Dairy J. 11:801–808.
Gamliel, A., Katan, J., Cohen, E. 1989. Toxicity of chloronitrobenzenes to Fusarium oxysporum and Rhizoctonia solani as related to their structure. Phytoparasitica 17:101–106.
Gnanamanickam, S.S., Candole, B.L., Mew, T.W. 1992. Influence of soil factors and cultural practice on biological control of sheath blight of rice with antagonistic bacteria. Plant and Soil 144:67–75.
Horaczek, A., Viernstein, H. 2004. Comparison of three commonly used drying technologies with respect to activity and longevity of aerial conidia of Beauveria brongniartii and Metarhizium anisopliae. Biol. Control 31:65–71.
Johnson, J.A.C., Etzel, M.R. 1993. Inactivation of lactic acid bacteria during spray-drying. Aiche Symposium 89:89–107.
Johnson, J.A.C., Etzel, M.R. 1995. Properties of Lactobacillus helveticus CNRZ-32 attenuated by spray-drying, freeze-drying, or freezing. J. Dairy Sci. 78:761–768.
Kanjanamaneesathian, M., Chumthong, A., Pengnoo, A., Wiwattanapatapee, R. 2009. Bacillus megaterium suppresses major Thailand rice diseases. Asian J. of Food and Agro-Industry S:154–159.
Kanjanamaneesathian, M., Kusonwiriyawong, C., Pengnoo, A., Nilratana, L. 1998. Screening of potential bacterial antagonists for control of sheath blight in rice and development of suitable bacterial formulations for effective application. Australasian Plant Pathol. 27:198–206.
Kumar, K.V.K., Yellareddygari, S.K.R., Reddy, M.S., Kloepper, J.W., Lawrence, K.S., Miller, M., Sudini, H., Surendranatha, Reddy, E.C., Zhou, X.G., Groth, D.E. 2013. Ultrastructural studies on the interaction between Bacillus subtilis MBI 600 (Integral) and the rice sheath blight pathogen, Rhizoctonia solani. African J. of Microbiol. Res. 7:2078–2086.
Lian, W.C., Hsiao, H.C., Chou, C.C. 2002. Survival of bifidobacteria after spray-drying. J. Food Microbiol. 74:79–86.
Mosquera-Espinosa, A.T., Bayman, P., Prado, G.A., Gómez-Carabalí, A., Otero, J.T. 2013. The double life of Ceratobasidium: orchid mycorrhizal fungi and their potential for biocontrol of Rhizoctonia solani sheath blight of rice. Mycologia 105:141–150.
Naeimi, S., Okhovvat, S.M., Javan-Nikkhah, M., Vágvölgyi, C., Khosravi, V., Kredics, L. 2010. Biological control of Rhizoctonia solani AG1-1A, the causal agent of rice sheath blight with Trichoderma strains. Phytopathologia Mediterranea 49:287–300.
Savary, S., Willocquet, L., Elazegui, F.A., Castilla, N.P., Teng, P.S. 2000. Rice pest constraints in tropical Asia: quantification of yield losses due to rice pests in a range of production situations. Plant Dis. 84:357–369
Selmer-Olsen, E., Sorhaug, T., Birkeland, S.E., Pehrson, R. 1999. Survival of Lactobacillus helveticus entrapped in Ca-alginate in relation to water content, storage and rehydration. J. of Industrial Microbiol. Biotechnol. 23:79–85.
To, B.C.S., Etzel, M.R. 1997a. Spray drying, freeze drying, or freezing of three different lactic acid bacteria species. J. Food Sci. 62:576–578.
To, B.C.S., Etzel, M.R. 1997b. Survival of Brevibacterium linens ATCC 9174 after spray drying, freeze drying, or freezing. J. Food Sci. 62:167–170.
Wiwattanapatapee, R., Chumthong, A., Pengnoo, A., Kanjanamaneesathian, M. 2007. Effervescent fast-disintegrating bacterial formulation for biological control of rice sheath blight. J. of Controlled Release 119:229–235.
Yánez-Mendizábal, V., Viñas, I., Usall, J., Torres, R., Solsona, C., Abadias, M., Teixidó, N. 2012. Formulation development of the biocontrol agent Bacillus subtilis strain CPA-8 by spray-drying. J. Appl. Microbiol. 112:954–965.
Zamora, L.M., Carretero, C., Pares, D. 2006. Comparative survival rates of lactic acid bacteria isolated from blood, following spray-drying and freeze-drying. Food Sci. and Technol. Int. 12:77–84.
Zuberer, D.A. 1994. Recovery and enumeration of viable bacteria. In: Weaver, R.W., Angle, S., Bottomley, P., Bezdicek, D., Smith, S., Tabatabai, A., Wollum, A. (eds), Methods of Soil Analysis: Part 2, Microbiological and Biochemical Properties, Number 5. In Soil Science Society of America Book Series. Soil Science Soc. of America Inc. Wisconsin, USA. pp. 119–143.