Designed as a proof-of-concept, this descriptive corpus-based study focuses on the concept of phrase frame, defined as a contiguous sequence of n words identical except for one (Fletcher 2002). Although phrase frames were already used as a means of exploring pattern variability across and within different text types or registers written in English, they have been rarely, if ever, employed so far as a unit of analysis in descriptive research on translation. In this study, we use the English‒Polish parallel corpus Paralela (Pęzik 2016) to identify and describe Polish translation patterns that emerge from two functionally-defined English phrase frames (it is * clear that, it is * difficult to ). The findings provided insights into language in use in English-to-Polish translation, which revealed that the Polish equivalents are realized with a high degree of regularity and can be generalized into syntagmatic patterns similar to phrase frames. We also obtained valuable cross-linguistic insights into corresponding syntagmatic structures in English and Polish.
Baker, M. 1993. Corpus Linguistics and Translation Studies. Implications and Applications. In: Baker, M., Francis, G., Tognini-Bonelli, E. (eds) Text and Technology. In Honour of John Sinclair. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. 233–250.
Baker, M. 2000. Towards a Methodology for Investigating the Style of a Literary Translator. Target Vol. 12. No. 2. 241–266.
Baker, M. 2004. A Corpus-Based View of Similarity and Difference in Translation. International Journal of Corpus Linguistics Vol. 9. No. 2. 167–193.
Bańko, M. (ed.) 2005. Multimedialny słownik szkolny języka polskiego (CD-ROM). Warszawa: PWN.
Berūkštienė, D. 2017. A Corpus-Driven Analysis of Structural Types of Lexical Bundles in Court Judgments in English and Their Translation into Lithuanian. Kalbotyra Vol. 70. 7–31.
Biber, D., Johansson, S., Leech G., Conrad, S., Finegan, E. et al. 1999 . Longman Grammar of Spoken and Written English. Edinburgh: Pearson Education Ltd.
Biber, D. 2006. University Language. A Corpus-Based Study of Spoken and Written Registers. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
Biber, D. 2009. A Corpus-Driven Approach to Formulaic Language in English. Multi-Word Patterns in Speech and Writing. International Journal of Corpus Linguistics Vol. 14. No. 3. 275–311.
Cheng, W., Greaves, C., Warren, M. 2006. From n-gram to Skipgram to Concgrams. International Journal of Corpus Linguistics Vol. 11. No. 4. 411–433.
Chesterman, A. 2004. “Beyond the Particular”. In: Mauranen, A., Kuyamaki, P. (eds) Translation Universals. Do they exist? Amsterdam: John Benjamins. 33‒49.
Cortes, V. 2008. A Comparative Analysis of Lexical Bundles in Academic History Writing in English and Spanish. Corpora Vol. 3. No. 1. 43–57.
Cunningham, K. 2017. A Phraseological Exploration of Recent Mathematics Research Articles Through Key Phrase Frames. Journal of English for Academic Purposes Vol. 25. 71–83.
De Sutter, G., Lefer, M-A. 2019. On the Need for a New Research Agenda for Corpus-Based Translation Studies. A Multi-Methodological, Multifactorial and Interdisciplinary Approach. Perspectives DOI: .
Dobrovol’skij, D, Pöppel, L. 2016. The Discursive Construction n v tom, čto and Its Parallels in Other Languages. A Contrastive Corpus Study”. Вестник Новосибирского государс-твенного педагогического университета Vol. 6. No. 34. 164–175. DOI: .
Dobrovol’skij, D., Pöppel, L. 2019. Russian constructions with nu i in parallel corpora. Presentation delivered at the conference Internationale Tagung EUROPHRAS 2019, Produktive Modelle in der Phraseologie, 24–25 January 2019, Santiago de Compostela, Spain. Available at https://europhrassantiago1.wixsite.com/europhras-santiago19/beispiel-2.
Ebeling, J., Oksefjell Ebeling, S. 2013. Patterns in Contrast. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
Fletcher, W. 2002. KfNgram. Annapolis: USNA.
Forchini, P., Murphy, A. 2008. N-grams in Comparable Specialized Corpora. Perspectives on Phraseology, Translation and Pedagogy. International Journal of Corpus Linguistics Vol. 13. No. 3. 351–367.
Forsyth, R., Grabowski, Ł. 2015. Is There a Formula for Formulaic Language? Poznań Studies in Contemporary Linguistics Vol. 54. No. 1. 511–549. DOI: .
Fuster-Marquez, M. 2014. Lexical Bundles and Phrase Frames in the Language of Hotel Websites. English Text Construction Vol. 7. No. 1. 84–121.
Fuster-Marquez, M., Pennock-Speck, B. 2015. Target Frames in British Hotel Websites. International Journal of English Studies Vol. 15. No. 1. 51–69.
Grabowski, Ł. 2013. Interfacing Corpus Linguistics and Computational Stylistics: Translation Universals in Translational Literary Polish. International Journal of Corpus Linguistics Vol. 18. No. 2. 254–280.
Grabowski, Ł. 2015. Phrase Frames in English Pharmaceutical Discourse. A Corpus-Driven Study of Intra-Disciplinary Register Variation. Research in Language Vol. 13. No. 3. 266–291. DOI: .
Grabar, N., Lefer, M-A. 2015. Building a lexical bundle resource for CAT and MT. Presentation delivered at the Workshop on Multi-word Units in Machine Translation and Translation Technology (MUMTTT2015) of EUROPHRAS 2015, 29 Jun‒1 Jul 2015, Malaga, Spain. Available at: http://natalia.grabar.free.fr/publications/grabar-MUMTTT2015.pdf (accessed in February 2019).
Granger, S. 2014. A Lexical Bundle Approach to Comparing Languages. Stems in English and French. Languages in Contrast Vol. 14. No. 1. 58–72.
Granger, S., Lefer, M.-A. 2016. From General to Learners’ Bilingual Dictionaries. Towards a More Effective Fulfilment of Advanced Learners’ Phraseological Needs. International Journal of Lexicography Vol. 29. No. 3. 279–295.
Gray, B., Biber, D. 2013. Lexical Frames in Academic Prose and Conversation. International Journal of Corpus Linguistics Vol. 18. No. 1. 109–135.
Hunston, S., Francis, G. 2000. Pattern Grammar. A Corpus-Driven Approach to the Lexical Grammar of English. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
Johansson, S. 2007. Seeing Through Multilingual Corpora. On the Use of Corpora in Contrastive Studies. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
Jukneviciene, R., Grabowski, Ł. 2018. Comparing Formulaicity of Learner Writing Through Phrase-Frames: A Corpus-Driven Study of Lithuanian and Polish EFL Student Writing. Research in Language Vol. 16. No. 3. 303–323.
Kilgarriff, A., Baisa, V., Bušta, J., Jakubícek, M., Kovář, V., Michelfeit, J., Rychlý, P., Suchomel, V. 2014. The Sketch Engine. Ten Years On. Lexicography Vol. 1. No. 1. 7–36.
Koehn, P. 2005. Europarl: A Parallel Corpus for Statistical Machine Translation. In: Conference Proceedings. The Tenth Machine Translation Summit. Phuket, Thailand: AAMT, 79–86.
Kruger, H. 2019. That Again. A Multivariate Analysis of the Factors Conditioning Syntactic Explicitness in Translated English. Across Languages and Cultures Vol. 20. No. 1. 1–33.
Laviosa, S. 2002. Corpus-Based Translation Studies. Theory, Findings and Applications. Amsterdam/New York: Rodopi.
Lee, C. 2013. Using Lexical Bundle Analysis as Discovery Tool for Corpus-Based Translation Research. Perspectives Vol. 21. No. 3. 378–395.
Lu, X., Yoon, J., Kisselev, O. 2018. A Phrase-Frame List for Social Science Research Article Introductions. Journal of English for Academic Purposes Vol. 36. 76–85.
Malamatidou, S. 2018. Corpus Triangulation. Combining Data and Methods in Corpus-Based Translation Studies. London: Routledge.
Marco, J. 2019. Living with Parallel Corpora. In: Doval, I., Sánchez Nieto, M. (eds) Parallel Corpora for Contrastive and Translation Studies. New Resources and Applications. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. 39–56.
Noreika, M., Seskauskiene, I. 2017. EU Regulations. Tendencies in Translating Lexical Bundles from English into Lithuanian. Vertimo Studijos Vol. 10. 156–174.
Oakes, M., Meng, J. (eds) 2012. Quantitative Methods in Corpus-Based Translation Studies. A Practical Guide to Descriptive Translation Research. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
Olohan, M. 2004. Introducing Corpora in Translation Studies. London and New York: Routledge.
Pęzik, P. 2016. Exploring Phraseological Equivalence with Paralela. In: Gruszczyńska, E., LeńkoSzymańska, A. (eds) Polish-Language Parallel Corpora. Warszawa: Instytut Lingwistyki Stosowanej UW. 67–81.
Römer, U. 2009. English in Academia. Does Nativeness Matter? Anglistik International Journal of English Studies Vol. 20. No. 2. 89–100.
Römer, U. 2010. Establishing the Phraseological Profile of a Text Type. The Construction of Meaning in Academic Book Reviews. English Text Construction Vol. 3. No. 1. 95–119.
Römer, U. 2017. Language Assessment and the Inseparability of Lexis and Grammar. Focus on the Construct of Speaking. Language Testing Vol. 34. No. 4. 477–492.
Winter, B. 2019. Statistics for Linguists. An Introduction Using R. London: Routledge.