Genotoxic impurities can be described as impurities that can induce genetic mutations and chromosomal breaks, or that damage the genetic information within a cell, which may lead to cancer. The European Medical Agency (EMA) and the United States Food and Drug Administration (US FDA) have set a threshold of toxicological concern (TTC) of genotoxic impurities 1.5 µg per day. In a continuous effort to develop an analytical method for the estimation of genotoxic impurities in quetiapine fumarate, a sensitive, simple, and precise high-performance thin-layer chromatography method has been developed and validated for the determination of 2-nitrophenyl (phenyl)sulfane as a genotoxic impurity at trace levels. The limits of detection (LOD) for quetiapine fumarate and 2-nitrophenyl (phenyl)sulfane were found to be 5.11 and 15.5 ng per band, whereas the limits of quantification (LOQ) were observed 0.09 and 0.3 ng per band, respectively. The calibration curve for 2-nitrophenyl (phenyl)sulfane was linear over the concentration range of 10 to 50 ng per band. The method was found to be specific, precise, linear, and accurate for the estimation of 2-nitrophenyl (phenyl)sulfane at trace levels in quetiapine fumarate.
International Conference on Harmonization (ICH), Guideline Q3B (R2): Impurities in New Drug Products, Geneva, October 2006.
International Conference on Harmonization (ICH), Guideline Q3A (R2): Impurities in New Drug Substances, Geneva, October 2006.
European Medicines Agency (EMEA), Committee for Medicinal Products for Human Use (CHMP), Guidelines on the limits of genotoxic impurities, London, June 2006.
M7 (R1) Assessment and control of DNA Reactive (Mutagenic) Impurities in Pharmaceuticals to Limit Potential Carcinogenic Risk ; US Department of Health and Human Services, Food and Drug Administration, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research (CDER), Silver Spring, MD, March 2018.
R. Parajuli , P. Pokhrel, M. Bhattarai, B. Shrestha, Impurity profiling: an emerging approach for pharmaceuticals, World J. Pharm. Sci. 7 (2018) 1670–1683.
T. McGovern , D. Jacobson-Kram, Regulation of genotoxic and carcinogenic impurities in drug substances and products, Trends Anal. Chem. 25 (2006) 790–795.
A. Vijaya Bhaskar , N. Reddy, G. Venugopal, G. Reddy, V. Madhavi, A selective and sensitive UPLC-MS/MS approach for trace level quantification of four potential genotoxic impurities in zolmitriptan drug substance, J. Pharm. Biomed Anal. 84 (2013) 84–89.
D. Liu , M. Sun, A. Kord, Recent advances in trace analysis of pharmaceutical genotoxic impurities, J. Pharm. Biomed. Anal. 51 (2010) 999–1014.
D. Snodin , Genotoxic impurities: a regulatory toxicology commentary on recent articles in organic process research and development, Org. Process Res. Dev. 15 (2011) 1243–1246.
E. Stolarczyk , L. Kaczmarek, K. Eksanow, M. Kubiszewski, M. Glice, A. Kuther, Identification and characterization of potential impurities of quetiapine fumarate, Pharm. Dev. Technol. 14 (2009) 29–39.
R. Valarmathi , S. Akilandeswari, D. Dhharshini, S. Farishabanu, R. Senthamarai, Atypical antipsychotic drug - quetiapine fumarate and its analytical techniques, Int. J. Pharm. Chem. Sci. 2 (2013) 197–206.
Z. Cimarosti , F. Bravo, P. Stonestreet, F. Tinazzi, O. Vecchi, G. Camurri, Application of quality by design principles to support development of a control strategy for the control of genotoxic impurities in the manufacturing process of a drug substance, Org. Process Res. Dev. 14 (2010) 993–998.
S. Raillard , J. Bercu, S. Baertschi, C. Riley, Prediction of drug degradation pathways leading to structural alerts for potential genotoxic impurities, Org. Process Res. Dev. 14 (2010) 1015–1020.
R. Nagaraju , B. Kanakapura, V. Kanakapura, Extractive spectrophotometric determination of quetiapine fumarate in pharmaceuticals and spiked human urine, Croat. Chem. Acta 85 (2012) 9–17.
K. Vinay , H. Revanasidappa, Spectrophotometric determination of quetiapine fumarate in pharmaceuticals and human urine by two charge-transfer complexation reactions, Chem. Ind. Chem. Engg. 18 (2012) 263–272.
K. Vinay , H. Revanasidappa, N. Rajendraprasad, Potentiometeric determination of quetiapine fumarate in pharmaceutical formulations, Port. Electrochim. Acta 28 (2010) 299–308.
N. Kumar , D. Sangeetha, R. Goyal, P. Reddy, A validated stability indicating RP-LC method for the estimation of process related impurities and degradation products of quetiapine fumarate in solid dosage form, Acta Chromatogr. 25 (2013) 393–409.
S. Hillaert , L. Snoeck, W. Van den Bossche, Optimization and validation of a capillary zone electrophoretic method for the simultaneous analysis of four atypical antipsychotics, J. Chromatogr. A 1033 (2004) 357–362.
K. Venkata , S. Battula, S. Dubey, Validation of quetiapine fumarate in pharmaceutical dosage by reverse-phase HPLC with internal standard method, J. Chem. 2013 (2013) Article ID 578537, 1–8.
M. Mannam , S. Sankareswaran, V. Reddy, S. Natarajan, R. Kottapalli, P. Kumar, Structural correction and process improvement for control of critical process impurity of ezetimibe, Org. Process Res. Dev. 23 (2019) 1–16.
M. Mahadik , N. Patare, S. Dhaneshwar, Stability-indicating HPTLC method for quantitation of quetiapine fumarate in the pharmaceutical dosage form, Acta Chromatogr. 21 (2009) 83–93.
Z. Dendania , N. Sheth, R. Dendania, Stability indicating high performance thin layer chromatographic determination of quetiapine fumarate, Int. J. Pharm. Sci. Res. 4 (2013) 2406–2414.
R. Sathiya , K. Krishnaraj, S. Muralidharan, N. Muruganantham, A simple and validated HPTLC method of evaluation for quetiapine fumarate in oral solid dosage form, Eurasian J. Anal. Chem. 5 (2010) 246–253.
Y. Huang , H. Lu, F. Zhang, C. Min, Identification, isolation, characterization, and UPLC quantification of potential genotoxic impurities in linagliptin, J. Sep. Sci. 41 (2018) 1–33.
A. Baldwin , R. North, S. Eisenbeis, Trace level quantification of derivatized boronic acids by LC-MS/MS, Org. Process Res. Dev. 23 (2019) 88–92.
S. Gudlawar , J. Dwivedi, N. Venugopal, A selective and sensitive UPLC-MS/MS method for simultaneous determination of four genotoxic impurities in levofloxacin, Rasayan J. Chem. 8 (2015) 47–55.