A program of compositional analysis using neutron activation has been performed on samples of Roman fineware from the Palatine East excavations in Rome at the University of Illinois' TRIGA reactor. These experiments are ultimately intended to assist the authors in advancing the understanding of the organization of pottery production and distribution in central Italy during the late Roman imperial period (4th–5th c. AD). The objectives of this paper are 1) to present an archaeological background of two regionally-produced finewares, 2) to discuss the methods of sampling, irradiation and data analyses, and 3) to demonstrate the preliminary results of our investigation, which included the analyses of Plio-Pleistocene clays from the Janiculum Hill in Rome.