A simplified equation relating water droplet size distribution to crystallization temperature, determined from differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) curves of aqueous emulsions of petroleum is reported in this article. A series of water-in-oil (W/O) emulsions was prepared by dispersion of water in different Mexican crude oils; in a classical DSC experiment, these emulsions were submitted to a regular heating and cooling cycle within temperatures including freezing and heating of dispersed water. The Z-average diameters of the water drops (Ddz) were estimated this way and correlated with petroleum composition.
1. Ali, MA, Siddiqui, AB, Zaidi, SMJ 1998 Thermal analysis of crude oils and comparison with SIMDIST and TBP distillation data. J Therm Anal Calorim 51:307–309 .
2. Zanier, A Application of modulated temperature DSC to distillate fuels and lubricant greases. J Therm Anal Calorim 1998 54:381–390 .
3. Gonçalves, MLA, Teixeira, MAG, Pereira, RCL, Mercury, RPL, Matos, JR 2001 Contribution of thermal analysis for characterization of asphaltenes from Brazilian crude oil. J Therm Anal Calorim 64:697–706 .
4. Gonçalves, MLA, Pinto da Mota, DA, Teixeira, AMRF, Teixeira, MAG 2005 Thermogravimetric investigation on prediction of thermal behavior of petroleum distillation. J Thermal Anal Calorim 80:81 .
5. Kök, MV, Karakan, Ö, Pamir, R 1998 Kinetic analysis of oxidation behavior of crude oil Sara constituents. Energ Fuel 12:580–588 .
6. Kök, M, Lettoffé, JM, Claudy, P, Martin, D, Garcin, M, Volle, J-L 1996 Comparison of wax appearance temperatures of crude oils by differential scanning calorimetry, thermomicroscopy and viscosimetry. Fuel 75:787–790 .
7. Clausse, DJ Thermal behavior of emulsions studied by differential scanning calorimetry. J Therm Anal Calorim 1998 51:191–201 .
8. Clausse, D, Gómez, E, Dalmazzone, C, Noïk, C 2005 A method for the characterization of emulsions, thermogranulometry: application to water-in-crude oil emulsion. J Colloid Interface Sci 287:694–703 .
9. Dalmazzone, CSH, Clausse, D 2001 Microcalorimetry J Sjöblom eds. Encyclopedic handbook of emulsion technology Marcel Dekker Inc New York 327–348 .
10. Dalmazzone C , Seris H. Use of the DSC technique to characterize water in crude oil emulsions stability. Rev Inst Franc Petr 53 1998;53: 463–71.
11. Broto, F, Clausse, D 1976 Study of freezing of supercooled water dispersed within emulsions by differential scanning calorimetry. J Phys C 9:4251–4257 .
12. Clausse, D, Dumas, JP, Meijer, PHE, Broto, F 1987 Phase transformations in emulsions. 1. Effects of thermal treatments on nucleation phenomena—experiments and model. J Disper Sci Technol 8:1–28 .
13. Dalmazzone, C, Noïk, C, Clausse, D 2009 Application of DSC for emulsified system characterization. Oil Gas Sci Technol 64:543–555 .
14. Avendaño-Gómez, JR, Grossiord, JL, Clausse, D 2005 Study of mass transfer in oil-water-oil multiple emulsions by differential scanning calorimetry. J Colloid Interface Sci 290:533–545 .
15. Clausse, D, Gomez, F, Pezron, I, Komunjer, L, Dalmazzone, C 2005 Morphology characterization of emulsions by differential scanning calorimetry. Adv Colloid Interface 117:59–74 .
16. Bigg, EK The supercooling water. Proc Phys Soc Lond B 1953 66:688–694 .
17. Pruppacher, HR, Klett, JD 1997 Microphysics of clouds and precipitation 2 Kluwer Dordrecht.
18. Castro, LV, Vazquez, F 2009 Fractionation and characterization of Mexican crude oils. Energ Fuel 23:1603–1609 .
19. Goual, L, Schabron, JF, Turner, TF, Towler, BF 2008 On column separation of wax and asphaltenes in petroleum fluids. Energ Fuel 22:4019–4022 .
20. ASTM E 967-08. Standard test method for temperature calibration of differential scanning calorimeters and differential thermal analyzers.
21. Charoenrein, S, Reid, DS 1989 The use of DSC to study the kinetics of heterogeneous and homogeneous nucleation of ice in aqueous systems. Thermochim Acta 156:373–381 .
22. Aboul-Gheit, AK, Abd-el-Moghny, T, Al-Eseimi, MM 1997 Characterization of oils by differential scanning calorimetry. Thermochim Acta 306:127–130 .
23. Rondon, M, Bouriat, P, Lachaise, J, Salager, JL 2006 Breaking of water-in-crude oil emulsions. 1. Physicochemical phenomenology of demulsifier action. Energy Fuel 20:1600 .
24. Rondon, M, Pereira, JC, Bouriat, P, Gracia, A, Lachaise, J, Salager, JL 2008 Breaking of water-in-crude-oil emulsions. 2. Influence of asphaltene concentration and diluent nature on demulsifier action. Energ Fuel 22:702–707 .
25. Clausse, D, Pezron, I, Gauthier, A 1995 Water transfer in mixed water-in-oil emulsions studied by differential scanning calorimetry. Fluid Phase Equilibr 110:137–150 .
26. Mossop, SC The freezing of supercooled water. Proc Phys Soc Lond B 1955 68:193–208 .
27. Langham, EJ, Mason, BJ 1958 The heterogeneous and homogeneous nucleation of supercooled water. Proc R Soc Lond A 247:493 .
28. Bogdan, A 2002 Phase transitions in finely divided aqueous systems AT Hubbard eds. Encyclopedia of surface and colloid science Marcel Dekker New York 4002–4305.
29. Levine, IN 1983 Physical chemistry 2 McGraw-Hill New York.
30. Atkins, PW 1997 Physical chemistry 6 WH Freeman Co New York.
31. Castellan, GW, Bedolla, CA 1987 Físico-química 2 Addison-Wesley Iberoamericana Mexico.
32. Dufour, L, Defay, R 1963 Thermodynamic of clouds Academic Press New York.
33. Defay, R, Prigonine, I, Bellemnas, A 1966 Surface tension and adsorption Longmans London.
34. Bogdan, A, Kulmala, M, Avramenko, N 1998 Reduction of enthalpy of fusion and anomalies during phase transitions in finely divided water. Phys Rev Lett 81:1042–1045 .
35. Becher, P 1965 Emulsions: theory and practice 2 Reinhold Publishing Corporation New York.
36. Girifalco, LA, Good, RJ 1957 A theory for the estimation of surface and interfacial energies. 1. Derivation and application to the interfacial tension. J Phys Chem 61:904–909 .
37. Collins, EA 1997 Measurement of particle size and article distribution PA Lovell MS El-Aasser eds. Emulsion polymerization and emulsion polymers John Wiley and Sons New York 386–436.
38. Franks, F, Mathias, SF, Parsonage, P, Tang, TB 1983 Differential scanning calorimetric study on ice nucleation in water and in aqueous-solutions of hydroxyethylstarch. Thermochim Acta 61:195–202 .
39. Angell, CA 1982 Supercooled water F Franks eds. Water a comprehensive treatise 7 Plenum Press New York 1–56.
40. Montenegro, R, Antonietti, M, Mastai, Y, Landfester, K 2003 The crystallization in miniemulsion droplets. J Phys Chem B 107:5088–5094 .
41. Thomson, JJ 1888 Application of dynamics to physics and chemistry 1 Cambridge University Press London.