Geopolymers
Inorganic polymeric new materials
Author:
Author:
Edwin H. Battley
Edwin H. Battley
Department of Ecology and Evolution, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, 11794-5245, USA
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Abstract
Calculations are made using the equations ΔrG = ΔrH − TΔrS and ΔrX = ΔrH − ΔrQ where ΔrX represents the free energy change when the exchange of absorbed thermal energy with the environment is represented by ΔrQ. The symbol Q has traditionally represented absorbed heat. However, here it is used specifically to represent the enthalpy listed in tabulations of thermodynamic properties as (HT − H0) at T = 298.15 K, the reason being that for a given substance TS equals 2.0 Q for solid substances, with the difference being greater for liquids, and especially gases. Since ΔrH can be measured, and is tangibly the same no matter what thermodynamics are used to describe a reaction equation, a change in the absorbed heat of a biochemical growth process system as represented by either ΔrQ or TΔrS would be expected to result in a different calculated value for the free energy change. Calculations of changes in thermodynamic properties are made which accompany anabolism; the formation of anabolic, organic by-products; catabolism; metabolism; and their respective non-conservative reactions; for the growth of Saccharomyces cerevisiae using four growth process systems. The result is that there is only about a 1% difference in the average quantity of free energy conserved during growth using either Eq. 1 or 2. This is because although values of TΔrS and ΔrQ can be markedly different when compared to one another, these differences are small when compared to the value for ΔrG or ΔrX.
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1. Duclaux E . Traité de Microbiologie. Tome III. Paris:Masson et Cie; 1900. p. 378.
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2. Battley, EH. Growth reaction equations for Saccharomyces cerevisiae (Hansen). Physiol Plant. 1960;13:192–203. .
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4. Battley EH . The thermodynamics of microbial growth. In: Kemp RB, editor. Handbook of thermal analysis and calorimetry. Vol. 4: from macromolecules to man. Amsterdam: Elsevier; 1999.
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5. Battley, EH. The sources of thermal energy accompanying microbial anabolism. J Therm Anal Calorim. 2007;87:105–111. .
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6. Battley, EH. The sources of thermal energy accompanying microbial catabolism. J Theor Biol. 2006;241:142–151. .
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7. Battley, EH. On entropy and absorbed thermal energy in biomass; a biologists perspective. Thermochim Acta. 1999;331:1–12. .
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8. Battley, EH, Stone, JR. On the inequality of ΔQoand TΔSo with respect to solid state organic substances of biological importance. Thermochim Acta. 2000;369:1–9. .
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9. Battley, EH. On the use of ΔQo rather than TΔSo in the calculation of ΔGo accompanying the oxidation or fermentation of catabolic substrates of biological importance in their standard states. Thermochim Acta. 2002;394:313–327. .
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10. Battley, EH. Absorbed heat and heat of formation of dried microbial biomass. Studies on the thermodynamics of microbial growth. J Therm Anal Calorim. 2003;74:709–721. .
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16. Battley, EH. A short review and an empirical method for estimating the absorbed enthalpy of formation and the absolute entropy of dried microbial biomass for use in studies on the thermodynamics of microbial growth. J Therm Anal Calorim. 2011. .
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| Journal of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry | |
|---|---|
| Language | English |
| Size | A4 |
| Year of Foundation |
1969 |
| Volumes per Year |
1 |
| Issues per Year |
24 |
| Founder | Akadémiai Kiadó |
| Founder's Address |
H-1117 Budapest, Hungary 1516 Budapest, PO Box 245. |
| Publisher | Akadémiai Kiadó Springer Nature Switzerland AG |
| Publisher's Address |
H-1117 Budapest, Hungary 1516 Budapest, PO Box 245. CH-6330 Cham, Switzerland Gewerbestrasse 11. |
| Responsible Publisher |
Chief Executive Officer, Akadémiai Kiadó |
| ISSN | 1388-6150 (Print) |
| ISSN | 1588-2926 (Online) |
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Temperature dependence of the rate of reaction in thermal analysis
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