The performance of the fireworks is governed by the sound level it produces. As per Govt. of India notification, crackers sound level should not exceed 125 dB (AI) or 145 dB(C) pk. In this study, nAl powder was synthesised at different particle sizes of 113, 187 and 218 nm as a fuel. These powders are well mixed with the oxidizer (KNO3) and the igniter (S), and the cake bomb was manufactured with various compositions and checked for their performance. The thermal analysis was performed by DSC and DTA, and the impact sensitivity was analysed for all compositions. The nano-sized chemicals showed high thermal energy content and high sensitivity for various compositions. Further it is observed that the nAl chemical for producing the optimum sound level in the cake bomb has been reduced to 62.5% when compared with μm powder.
1. Shimizu, T. Firecrackers: the art, science and technique. Tokyo: Maruzen Co; 1981 156–158.
2. Ghosh, KN. The Principles of Firecrackers. 2 Mumbai: Economic Enterprises; 1981 78–87.
3. Conkling, J. Chemistry of pyrotechnics: basic principles and theory. New York: Marcel Dekker Inc.; 1985 96.
4. Jeyarajendran, A, Thanulingam, TL. Sound level analysis of firecrackers. J Pyrotech. 2008;27:60.
5. Azhagurajan, A, Nagaraj, P. An experimental analysis of coal aluminium mixture in coal fired furnace. J Therm Anal Calorim. 2009;98: 1 253–259. .
6. Price EW , Sigman RK, Yang V, Brill TB, Ren WZ, editors. Combustion of aluminized solid propellants, solid propellant chemistry, combustion, and motor interior ballistics, progress in astronautics and aeronautics. vol 185. Reston: AIAA Inc., 2000. p. 663–687.
7. Bucher, P, Ernst, L, Dryer, FL, Yetter, RA, Parr, TP, Hanson-Parr, DM. Detailed studies on the flame structure of aluminium particle combustion, solid propellant chemistry, combustion, and motor interior ballistics, progress in astronautics and aeronautics. AIAA J. 2000;185:689–722.
8. Brooks, KP, Beckstead, MW. Dynamics of aluminum combustion. J Propuls Power. 1995;11: 4 769 .
9. Dreizin, EL. Experimental study of stages in aluminium particle combustion in air. Combust Flame. 1996;105: 4 541 .
10. Buchera, P, Yetter, RA, Dryera, FL, Vicenzia, EP, Parr, TP, Hanson-Parr, DM. Condensed-phase species distributions about Al particles reacting in various oxidizers. Combust Flame. 1999;117: 1–2 351 .
11. Des Jardin, PE, Felske, JD, Carrara, MD. Mechanistic model for aluminum. Particle ignition and combustion in air. J Propuls Power. 2005;21:478–485. .
12. Huanga, Y, Rishaa, GA, Yang, V, Yetter, RA. Effect of particle size on combustion of aluminum particle dust in air. Combust Flame. 2009;156: 1 5 .
13. Parr TP , Johnson C, Hanson-Parr DM, Higa K, Wilson K, 39th JANAF. Combustion of bimodal nano/micron-sized aluminum particle dust in air, Combustion Subcommittee Meetin; 2003.
14. Thanulingam, TL. Hazard assessment and effect of nano-sized oxidizer on sound level analysis of firecrackers. J Pyrotech. 2009;27:60.
15. Wu, H-C. Explosion characteristics of aluminium nanopowders. Aerosol Air Qual Res. 2007;10: 7 38.
16. Jayaraman, K, Anand, KV, Chakravarthy, SR, Sarathi, R. Effect of nano-aluminium in plateau-burning and catalyzed composite, solid propellant combustion. Combust Flame. 2009;156:1662 .
17. Lee, D-W. Manufacturing of aluminium flake powder from foil scraps by dry ball milling process. J Mater Process Technol. 2000;100: 1–3 105.
18. Pourmortazavi, SM. Thermal behavior of aluminium powder and potassium perchlorate mixtures by DTA and TG. Thermochim Acta. 2006;443: 1 129 .
19. Luman, JR, Wehrman, B, Kuo, KK, Yetter, RA, Masoud, NM, Manning, TG, Harris, LE, Bruck, HA. Development and characterization of high performance solid propellants containing nano-sized energetic ingredients. Proc Combust Inst. 2007;31:2089 .
20. Farley, C, Pantoya, M. Reaction kinetics of nanometric aluminum and iodine pentoxide. J Therm Anal Calorim. 2009;102: 2 609–613. .
21. Chen, L, Song, WL. Effect of heating rates on TG-DTA results of aluminum nanopowders prepared by laser heating evaporation. J Therm Anal Calorim. 2009;96: 1 141–145. .
22. Risha, GA, Son, SF, Yetter, RA, Yang, A, Tappan, BC. Combustion of nano-aluminium and liquid water. Proc Combust Inst. 2007;31:2029–2036. .
23. Sarathi, R. Generation of nano aluminium powder through wire explosion process and its characterization. Mater Charact. 2007;58: 2 148–155. .
24. Santos, SF, De Andrade, MC, Sampaio, JA, Da Luz, AB, Ogasawara, T. Thermal study of TiO2–CeO2 yellow ceramic pigment obtained by the Pechini method. J Therm Anal Calorim. 2007;87: 3 743–746. .