Geopolymers
Inorganic polymeric new materials
Author:
Authors:
,
, and
Julen Ibarretxe
Julen Ibarretxe
Division of Molecular and Nanomaterials, Department of Chemistry, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, 3001, Heverlee, Belgium
DSM Research, P.O. Box 18, 6160 MD, Geleen, The Netherlands
Universidad del País Vasco-Euskal Herriko Unibertsitatea, EUITMOP, Beurko s/n, 48902, Barakaldo, Spain
Search for other papers by Julen Ibarretxe in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
DSM Research, P.O. Box 18, 6160 MD, Geleen, The Netherlands
Universidad del País Vasco-Euskal Herriko Unibertsitatea, EUITMOP, Beurko s/n, 48902, Barakaldo, Spain
Search for other papers by Julen Ibarretxe in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Gabriël Groeninckx
Gabriël Groeninckx
Division of Molecular and Nanomaterials, Department of Chemistry, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, 3001, Heverlee, Belgium
Search for other papers by Gabriël Groeninckx in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by Gabriël Groeninckx in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Vincent B. F. Mathot
Vincent B. F. Mathot
SciTe B.V., Ridder Vosstraat 6, 6162 AX, Geleen, The Netherlands
Search for other papers by Vincent B. F. Mathot in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by Vincent B. F. Mathot in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Abstract
In samples containing a volatile phase, quite often the evaporation of the volatile substance during heating causes appreciable curvature of the DSC heat flow rate signal as function of temperature, making it difficult to quantify thermal transitions and reorganization phenomena occurring in the same temperature range. This is the case for e.g. polyamide–water, polyamide–alcohol, and polypropylene–water systems, thus complicating the study of polymer crystallization, melting, and metastability by DSC. In this study, maleic anhydride-grafted polypropylene particles of sub-micrometer diameters dispersed in water are discussed. These samples show, upon cooling from the melt, different degrees of extra supercooling in crystallization and several phenomena in the subsequent heating, like reorganization of a crystalline phase into another one, perfecting of crystallites, and melting. All these phenomena are difficult to analyze quantitatively due to the mentioned curvature of the DSC trace. In this article two methods, the “Reference” and “Extrapolation from the melt” methods, are described to correct for the influence of evaporation on the DSC heat flow rate signal and for the baseline signal, enabling the discussion of the transitions by way of the excess heat flow rate as function of temperature.
ProCite
RefWorks
Reference Manager
BibTeX
Zotero
EndNote
-
1. Frensch H , Harnschfeger P, Jungnickel BJ. Fractionated crystallization in incompatible polymer blends. In: Utracki LA, Weiss RA, editors. Multiphase polymers: blends and ionomers. Washington: ACS Symposium Series; 1989. p. 101–125.
-
2. Vonnegut, B. Variation with temperature of the nucleation rate of supercooled liquid tin and water drops. J Colloid Sci. 1948;3: 6 563–569. .
-
3. Turnbull, D. Formation of crystal nuclei in liquid metals. J Appl Phys. 1950;21:1022–1028. .
-
4. Cormia, RL, Price, FP, Turnbull, D. Kinetics of crystal nucleation in polyethylene. J Chem Phys. 1962;37: 6 1333–1340. .
-
5. Gornick, F, Ross, GS, Frolen, LJ. Crystal nucleation in polyethylene: the droplet experiment. J Polym Sci C Polym Symp. 1967;18:79–91. .
-
6. Koutsky, JA, Walton, AG, Baer, E. Nucleation of polymer droplets. J Appl Phys. 1967;38: 4 1832–1839. .
-
7. Groeninckx, G, Vanneste, M, Everaert, V. Crystallization morphological structure and melting of polymer blends Utracki, LA, eds. Polymer blends handbook. New York: Kluwer Academic Publishers; 2003 203–294.
-
8. Tol RT , Mathot VBF, Reynaers H, Groeninckx G. Relationship between phase morphology and crystallization behavior in crystallizable polymer blends: fractionated crystallization and homogeneous nucleation. In: Harrats C, Thomas S, Groeninckx G, editors. Micro- and nanostructured multiphase polymer blend systems: phase morphology and interfaces. Boca Raton: CRC Press, Taylor and Francis Group; 2006. p. 391–420.
-
9. Müller, AJ, Balsamo, V, Arnal, ML. Nucleation and crystallization in diblock and triblock copolymers. Adv Polym Sci. 2005;190:1–63. .
-
10. Massa, MV, Carvalho, JL, Dalnoki-Veress, K. Direct visualization of homogeneous and heterogeneous crystallization in an ensemble of confined domains of poly(ethylene oxide). Eur Polym J E. 2003;12:111–117. .
-
11. Kailas, L, Vasilev, C, Audinot, JN, Migeon, HN, Hobbs, JK. A real-time study of homogeneous nucleation, growth, and phase transformations in nanodroplets of low molecular weight isotactic polypropylene using AFM. Macromolecules. 2007;40:7223–7230. .
-
12. Turnbull, D, Fisher, JC. Rate of nucleation in condensed systems. J Chem Phys. 1949;17:71–73. .
-
13. Barham, PJ, Jarvis, DA, Keller, A. A new look at the crystallization of polyethylene. III. Crystallization from the melt at high supercoolings. J Polym Sci Part B Polym Phys. 1982;20: 9 1733–1748.
-
14. Frensch, H, Jungnickel, BJ. Fractionated and self-seeded crystallization in incompatible polymer blends. Plast Rub Comp Proc Appl. 1991;16: 1 5–10.
-
15. Everaert, V, Groeninckx, G, Aerts, L. Fractionated crystallization in immiscible POM/(PS/PPE) blends part 1: effect of blend phase morphology and physical state of the amorphous matrix phase. Polymer. 2000;41: 4 1409–1428. .
-
16. Arnal, ML, Müller, AJ, Maiti, P, Hikosaka, M. Nucleation and crystallization of isotactic poly(propylene) droplets in an immiscible polystyrene matrix. Macromol Chem Phys. 2000;201: 17 2493–2504. .
-
17. Tol, RT, Mathot, VBF, Groeninckx, G. Confined crystallization phenomena in immiscible polymer blends with dispersed micro- and nanometer sized PA6 droplets, part 2: reactively compatibilized PS/PA6 and (PPE/PS)/PA6 blends. Polymer. 2005;46:383–396. .
-
18. He, Y, Zhu, B, Kai, W, Inoue, Y. Nanoscale-confined and fractional crystallization of poly(ethylene oxide) in the interlamellar region of poly(butylene succinate). Macromolecules. 2004;37: 9 3337–3345. .
-
19. Massa MV , Dalnoki-Veress K. Homogeneous crystallisation of poly(ethylene oxide) confined to droplets: the dependence of the crystal nucleation rate on length-scale and temperature. Phys Rev Lett. 2004;92(25):Art no. 255509.
-
20. Jin, Y, Hilter, A, Baer, E, Masirek, R, Piorkowska, E, Galeski, A. Formation and transformation of smectic polypropylene nanodroplets. J Polym Sci Part B Polym Phys. 2006;44: 13 1795–1803. .
-
21. Ibarretxe, J, Groeninckx, G, Bremer, L, Mathot, VBF. Quantitative evaluation of fractionated and homogeneous nucleation of polydisperse distributions of water-dispersed maleic anhydride-grafted-polypropylene micro- and nano-sized droplets. Polymer. 2009;50: 19 4584–4595. .
-
22. Müller, AJ, Balsamo, V, Arnal, ML, Jakob, T, Schmalz, H, Abetz, V. Homogeneous nucleation and fractionated crystallization in block copolymers. Macromolecules. 2002;35:3048–3058. .
-
23. Reiter G , Castelein G, Sommer JU. Direct visualization of random crystalization and melting in arrays of nanometer-size polymer crystals. Phys Rev Lett. 2001;87(22):Art no 226101.
-
24. Ibarretxe Uriguen, J, Bremer, L, Mathot, VBF, Groeninckx, G. Preparation of water-borne dispersions of polyolefins: new systems for the study of homogeneous nucleation of polymers. Polymer. 2004;45:5961–5968. .
-
25. Wevers MGM . Full dissolution and crystallization of polyamides in water and other solvents. Doctoral Thesis by the Katholieke Universiteit Leuven. Leuven, Belgium. 2006.
-
26. Turnbull, D, Cormia, RL. Kinetics of crystal nucleation in some alkane liquids. J Chem Phys. 1961;34: 3 820–831. .
-
27. Montenegro, R, Landfester, K. Metastable and stable morphologies during crystallization of alkanes in miniemulsion droplets. Langmuir. 2003;19:5996–6003. .
-
28. Tanden, A, Landfester, K. Crystallization of poly(ethylene oxide) confined in miniemulsion droplets. Macromolecules. 2003;36:4037–4041. .
-
29. Weber, CH, Chiche, A, Krausch, G, Rosenfeldt, S, Ballauff, M, Harnau, L, Göttker-Schnetmann, I, Tong, Q, Mecking, S. Single lamella nanoparticles of polyethylene. Nano Lett. 2007;7: 7 2024–2029. .
-
30. Wevers, MGM, Mathot, VBF, Pijpers, TFJ, Goderis, B, Groeninckx, G. Full dissolution and crystallization of polyamide 6 and polyamide 4.6 in water and ethanol Reiter, G, Strobl, GR, eds. Progress in understanding of polymer crystallization. Berlin: Springer; 2007 151–168. .
-
31. Wevers, MGM, Pijpers, TFJ, Mathot, VBF. The way to measure quantitatively full dissolution and crystallization of polyamides in water up to 200 degrees C and above by DSC. Thermochim Acta. 2007;1: 453 67–71. .
-
32. Smith, JM, Van Nes, HC, Abott, M. Introduction to chemical engineering thermodynamics. New York: McGraw-Hill; 1996.
-
33. Mathot, VBF. Thermal characterization of states of matter Mathot, VBF, eds. Calorimetry and thermal analysis of polymers. Munich, Vienna, New York: Hanser Publishers; 1994 105–167.
-
34. Mileva, D, Androsch, R, Zhuraviev, E, Schick, C. Temperature of melting of the mesophase of isotactic polypropylene. Macromolecules. 2009;42: 19 7275–7278. .
-
35. Pyda M , editor. The ATHAS Data Bank. http://athas.prz.rzeszow.pl.
To see the editorial board, please visit the website of Springer Nature.
Manuscript Submission: HERE
For subscription options, please visit the website of Springer Nature.
| Journal of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry | |
|---|---|
| Language | English |
| Size | A4 |
| Year of Foundation |
1969 |
| Volumes per Year |
1 |
| Issues per Year |
24 |
| Founder | Akadémiai Kiadó |
| Founder's Address |
H-1117 Budapest, Hungary 1516 Budapest, PO Box 245. |
| Publisher | Akadémiai Kiadó Springer Nature Switzerland AG |
| Publisher's Address |
H-1117 Budapest, Hungary 1516 Budapest, PO Box 245. CH-6330 Cham, Switzerland Gewerbestrasse 11. |
| Responsible Publisher |
Chief Executive Officer, Akadémiai Kiadó |
| ISSN | 1388-6150 (Print) |
| ISSN | 1588-2926 (Online) |
Monthly Content Usage
| Abstract Views | Full Text Views | PDF Downloads | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Apr 2024 | 28 | 0 | 0 |
| May 2024 | 4 | 0 | 0 |
| Jun 2024 | 12 | 0 | 0 |
| Jul 2024 | 24 | 0 | 0 |
| Aug 2024 | 23 | 0 | 0 |
| Sep 2024 | 20 | 0 | 0 |
| Oct 2024 | 21 | 0 | 0 |
Temperature dependence of the rate of reaction in thermal analysis
The Arrhenius equation in condensed phase kinetics
Author:
Copyright Akadémiai Kiadó AKJournals is the trademark of Akadémiai Kiadó's journal publishing business branch.
Powered by PubFactory