The 4,4,-oxydiphthalic anhydride-chitosan (ODAC) filler at composition of 2–12 wt/v% was selected to reinforce the Cs matrix by solution casting method. The thermal properties of the bio-composites were then evaluated by thermogravimetry analysis, differential scanning calorimetry, and dynamic mechanical analysis. The addition of ODAC filler in Cs matrix up to 10 wt/v% had increased the thermal stability of the bio-composites by increasing the thermal degradation (Td) and glass transition temperature (Tg) of the bio-composites. Good interfacial bonds of electrostatic interactions and inter-hydrogen bonds of the bio-composite components significantly influenced the thermal properties of the bio-composites.
1. Estrela dos Santos, J, Dockal, ER, Cavalheiro, TG. Thermal behavior of Shiff bases from chitosan. J Therm Anal Calorim. 2005;79: 2 243–248. .
2. Friedman, M, Juneja, VK. Review of antimicrobial and antioxidative activities of chitosan in food. J Food Protect. 2010;73: 9 1737–1761.
3. Jamil, SM, Ali, MW, Ripin, A, Ahmad, A. Metal removal from recovered base oil using chitosan bio-polymer. J Appl Sci. 2010;10: 21 2725–2728. .
4. Martel-Estrada, SM, Martinez-Perez, CA, Chacon-Nava, JG, Garcia-Casillas, PE, Olivas-Armendariz, I. Synthesis and thermo physical properties of chitosan/poly(di-lactide-co-glycosidic) composites, prepared by thermally induced phase separation. Carbohydr Polym. 2010;81: 4 775–783. .
5. Julkapli, NM, Akil, HM. Thermal properties of kenaf filled chitosan bio-composites. Polym Plast Technol Eng. 2010;49: 2 147–153. .
6. Ganji, F, Abdekhodaie, MJ. Synthesis and characterization of a new thermosensitive chitosan–PEG diblock copolymer. Carbohydr Polym. 2010;74:435–441. .
7. Fan, H, Wang, L, Zhao, K, Li, N, Shi, Z, Ge, Z, Jin, Z. Fabrication, mechanical properties and bio-compatibility of grapheme-reinforced chitosan composites. Biomacromolecules. 2010;11: 9 2345–2351. .
8. RajivGandhi, M, Viswanathan, N, meenakshi, S. Preparation and application of alumina/chitosan bio-composite. Int J Biol Macromol. 2010;47: 2 146–154. .
9. Venkatesan, J, Kim, S-K. Chitosan composite for bone tissue engineering-an overview. Mar Drugs. 2010;8: 8 2252–2266. .
10. Danilchenko, SN, Kalinkevich, OV, Kuznetsov, VN, Kalinkevich, AN, Kalinichenko, TG, Poddubny, IN, Starikov, VV, Sukhodub, LF. Thermal transformations of the mineral component of chitosan biomaterials based on chitosan and apatite. Cryst Res Technol. 2010;45: 7 685–691. .
11. Peter, M, Binulal, NS, Nair, SV, Selvamurugan, N, Tamura, H, Jayakumar, R. Novel biodegradable chitosan-gelatin/nano-bioactive glass ceramic composite scaffolds for alveolar bone tissue engineering. Chem Eng J. 2010;158: 2 353–361. .
12. Habraken, WJEM, Wolke, JGC, Jansen, JA. Ceramic composites as matrices and scaffolds for drug delivery in tissue engineering. Adv Drug Deliv Rev. 2007;59: 4 234–248. .
13. Julkapli, NM, Akil, HM. Influence of plasticizer on mechanical properties of kenaf filled chitosan bio-composites. Polym Plast Technol Eng. 2010;49: 9 944–951. .
14. Julkapli, NM, Ahmad, Z, Akil, HM. Properties of kenaf filled chitosan bio-composites. Compos Interface. 2010;15: 7 851–866. .
15. Sashina, ES, Janowska, G, Zaborski, M, Vnuchkin, AV. Compatibility of fibroin/chitosan and fibroin clellose blends studied by thermal analysis. J Therm Anal Calorim. 2007;89: 3 887–891. .
16. Rao, V, John, J. Thermal behavior of chitosan/natural rubber latex blends TG and DSC analysis. J Therm Anal Calorim. 2008;92: 3 801–808. .
17. Gong, Y, Yang, G. Single polymer composites by partially melting recycled polyamide 6 fibers: preparation and characterization. J Appl Polym Sci. 2010;118: 6 3357–3383. .
18. Salome Machoda, AA, Martins, VCA, Plepis, AMG. Thermal and rheological behavior of collagen chitosan blends. J Therm Anal Calorim. 2002;67: 2 491–498. .
19. Hatakeyama, H. Thermal analysis of environmentally compatible polymers containing plant components in the main chain. J Therm Anal Calorim. 2004;70: 3 755–795. .
20. Jaiswal, MK, Banerjee, R, Pradhan, P, Bahadur, D. Thermal behavior of magnetically modalized poly(N-isopropylacrylamide)-chitosan based nanohydrogel. Colloids Surf B. 2010;81: 1 185–194. .
21. Lee, Y, Lee, W. Degradation of trichloroethylene by Fe(II) chelated with cross linked chitosan in modified Fenton reaction. J Hazard Mater. 2010;176: 1 187–193. .
22. Chen, M-C, Liu, C-T, Tsai, H-W, Lai, W-Y, Chang, Y, Sung, H-W. Mechanical properties drug eluting characteristic and in vivo performance of a genipin cross linked chitosan polymeric stent. Biomaterials. 2009;30: 9 5560–5571. .
23. Julkapli, NM , Ahmad, Z, Akil, HM. Preparation and characterization of 1,2,4,5-benzentetra carboxylic-chitosan. E-Polymer. 2010. Art no 077.
24. Nikonorov, VV, Ivanov, RV, Kil’Deeva, NR, Bulatnikova, LN, Lozinskil, VI. Synthesis and characterization of cryogel of chitosan cross linked by glutaric aldehyde. Polym Sci A. 2010;52: 8 828–834. .
25. Peng, H, Xiong, H, Li, J, Xie, M, Liu, Y, Bai, C, Chen, L. Vanillin cross linked chitosan microspheres for controlled release of resveratol. Food Chem. 2010;121: 1 23–28. .
26. Julkapli, NM, Ahmad, Z, Akil, HM. Mechanical properties of 1,2,4,5-benzentetra carboxylic chitosan filled chitossan bio-composites. J Appl Polym Sci. 2011;121: 1 111–126. .
27. Julkapli, NM, Akil, HM. Degradability properties of kenaf filled chitosan bio-composites. Mater Sci Eng C. 2008;28: 7 1100–1111. .
28. Julkapli, NM, Ahmad, Z, Akil, HM. X-ray diffraction studies of cross linked chitosan with different cross linking agents for waste water treatment application. AIP Conf Proc. 2009;1202:106–111.
29. Julkapli, NM, Akil, HMd. X-ray diffraction (XRD) studies on kenaf filled chitosan bio-composites. AIP Conf Proc. 2008;989:111–114. .
30. Lopez, FA, Merce, ALR, Algvacli, FJ, Lopez-Delgado, A. A kinetic study on the thermal behavior of chitosan. J Therm Anal Calorim. 2008;91: 2 633–639. .
31. Martucci, JF, Vazquez, A, Ruseckaite, RA. Nanocomposites based gelatin and montmorillonite. Morphological and thermal studies. J Therm Anal Calorim. 2007;89: 1 117–122. .
32. Chang, PR, Jian, R, Yu, J, Ma, X. Fabrication and characterization of chitosan nano particle/plasticized starch composite. Food Chem. 2010;120: 3 730–740. .
33. Taboada, E, Cabrera, G, Jimenez, R, Cardenas, G. A kinetic study of the thermal degradation of chitosan–metal complexes. J App Polym Sci. 2009;114: 4 2043–2052. .
34. Ma, L, Li, G, Li, L, Liu, P. Synthesis and characterization of diethoxy phosphoyl chitosan. Int J Biol Macromol. 2010;47: 7 578–581. .
35. Dong, J-J, Li, S-D, Quan, W-Y, Yang, L, Fuand, S-L, She, X-D. Effect of degree of substitution on thermal stability of quaterized chitosan. J Polym Mater. 2010;27: 2 125–133.
36. Mendes, LC, Rodrigues, RC, Silva, EP. Thermal structural and morphological assessment of PVP/HA composites. J Therm Anal Calorim. 2010;101: 3 899–905. .