Geopolymers
Inorganic polymeric new materials
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Rizwan Shukat
Rizwan Shukat
Department of Science and Engineering for Food and Bioproducts, AgroParisTech, UMR 1145 (INRA, AgroParisTech, CNAM), 1, Avenue des Olympiades, 91 300, Massy, France
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Claudie Bourgaux
Claudie Bourgaux
UMR 8612 (CNRS, University Paris-Sud), 92290, Châtenay-Malabry, France
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Perla Relkin
Perla Relkin
Department of Science and Engineering for Food and Bioproducts, AgroParisTech, UMR 1145 (INRA, AgroParisTech, CNAM), 1, Avenue des Olympiades, 91 300, Massy, France
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Abstract
Four emulsions were prepared using high pressure homogenisation at 300 or 1200 bar and aqueous phases containing 4.5 wt% whey proteins in mixture with 20 wt% palm oil (PO), alone (E300 and E1200), or in which 20 wt% PO was replaced by vitamin (EV300, EV1200). Thermal behaviour of bulk fat and emulsions in the absence or presence of vitamin, as monitored by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), indicated that fat crystallisation in supercooled melt was delayed in bulk fat in the presence of vitamin and more delayed in emulsions with lower droplet sizes and containing vitamin. These results were supported by (i) isothermal DSC experiments where exothermic peaks occurred at higher holding times and (ii) dynamic DSC experiments which showed lower melting reactions in emulsions with lower droplet sizes and containing vitamin. Synchrotron X-ray scattering measurements performed simultaneously at small and wide angles on fat samples stored at 4 °C for 12 h showed co-existence of 2L and 3L longitudinal stacking in bulk fat without vitamin, and only 2L organisation of TAGs in the presence of vitamin. Trends in the proportions of α,β′, β lateral packing in lipid droplets were also observed to be more affected by the presence of vitamin rather than their size, indicating a higher rate of α → β′ → β polymorphic transformations in the presence of vitamin. Combining data obtained from DSC and X-Ray signals showed that lipid droplets with lower solid fat content, of which a higher proportion of β polymporphs, were those presenting lower size and lower ability for vitamin protection against chemical degradation, which is of great interest for formulation of lipid nanoparticles as bioactive matrix carriers.
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| Journal of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry | |
|---|---|
| Language | English |
| Size | A4 |
| Year of Foundation |
1969 |
| Volumes per Year |
1 |
| Issues per Year |
24 |
| Founder | Akadémiai Kiadó |
| Founder's Address |
H-1117 Budapest, Hungary 1516 Budapest, PO Box 245. |
| Publisher | Akadémiai Kiadó Springer Nature Switzerland AG |
| Publisher's Address |
H-1117 Budapest, Hungary 1516 Budapest, PO Box 245. CH-6330 Cham, Switzerland Gewerbestrasse 11. |
| Responsible Publisher |
Chief Executive Officer, Akadémiai Kiadó |
| ISSN | 1388-6150 (Print) |
| ISSN | 1588-2926 (Online) |
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Temperature dependence of the rate of reaction in thermal analysis
The Arrhenius equation in condensed phase kinetics
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