Silicate hybrid materials were prepared by the sol–gel process with the addition of x mass% of zirconium propoxide (x = 0 and 1). The thermal behaviour as well as the influence of Zr addition was studied by thermal gravimetric analysis and differential thermal analysis. The microstructure evolution with temperature was investigated by X-ray diffraction and small-angle neutron scattering. It was found that the beginning of polymer degradation occurs at a higher temperature in the material prepared with addition of Zr than in the one prepared without. At the nanometric scale, the materials prepared without Zr show smooth interfaces, whereas those with Zr present a mass fractal structure. This structure is also observed in the material without Zr after thermal treatment at 200 °C. The results showed that bioactivity is favoured by mass fractal structures in comparison with one consisting of smooth surfaces.
1. Jarcho, M, Kay, JL, Gumaer, RH, Drobeck, HP 1977 Tissue, cellular and subcellular events at bone-ceramic hydroxyapatite interface. J Bioeng 1:79–92.
2. Hench, LL, Splinter, RJ, Allen, WC, Greenlee, TK 1971 Bonding Mechanism at the interface of ceramics prosthetic materials. J Biomed Mater Res Symp 2:117–141 .
3. Kokubo, T, Shigematsu, M, Nagashima, Y, Tashiro, M, Nakamura, T, Yamamuro, T, Higashi, S 1982 Apatite- and wollastonite-containing glass-ceramics for prosthetic application. Bull Inst Chem Res (Kyoto Univ) 60:260–262.
4. Hench, LL, Wilson, J 1993 An introduction to bioceramics World Scientific Singapore.
5. Yan, WQ, Nakamura, T, Kobayashi, M, Kim, HM, Miyaji, F, Kokubo, T 1997 Bonding of chemically treated titanium implants to bone. J Biomed Mater Res 37:267 .
6. Chen, Q, Kamitakahara, M, Miyata, N, Kokubo, T, Nakamura, T 2000 Preparation of bioactive PDMS-modified CaO–SiO2–TiO2 hybrids by the sol-gel method. J Sol Gel Sci Technol 19:101–105 .
7. Schmidt, H 1985 New type of non-crystalline solids between inorganic and organic materials. J Non Cryst Solids 73:681–691 .
8. Mackenzie, JD 1994 Structures and properties of Ormosils. J Sol Gel Sci Technol 2:81 .
9. Tsuru, K, Ohtsuki, C, Osaka, A, Iwamoto, T, Mackenzie, JD 1997 Bioactivity of sol-gel derived organically modified silicates, Part I: in vitro examination. J Mater Sci Mater Med 8:157–161 .
10. Yabuta, T, Bescher, EP, Mackenzie, JD, Tsuru, K, Hayakawa, S, Osaka, A 2003 Synthesis of PDMS-based porous materials for biomedical applications. J Sol Gel Sci Technol 26:1219–1222 .
11. Nabiça MSMS , Silva AMB, Miranda Salvado IM, Fernandes MHV, Margaça FMA. Híbridos Orgânicos-Inorgânicos com potencial aplicação como materiais para implantes ósseos. In: Proceedings of VI Congresso Luso-Moçambicano de Engenharia. Maputo. Moçambique (to be published).
12. Strunz, P, Mortensen, K, Janssen, S 2004 SANS-II at SINQ installation of the former Ris⊘-SANS facility. Physica B Condens Matter 350 (1–3) Suppl 1 E783–E786 .
13. Portela Marques, MM, Miranda Salvado, IM, Margaça, FMA, Ferreira, LM 2010 The role of zirconium as thermal stabilizer of PDMS-TEOS hybrids. J Therm Anal Calorim 100:557–561 .
14. Schilling, F, Gomez, MA, Tonelli, AE 1991 Solid-state NMR observations of the crystalline conformation of poly(dimethylsiloxane). Macromolecules 24:6552–6553 .
15. Pickup, DM, Mountjoy, G, Wallidge, GW, Newport, RJ, Smith, ME 1999 Structure of (SiO2)x(SiO2)1−x xerogels (x = 0.1, 0.2, 0.3 and 0.4) from FTIR, 29Si and 17O MAS NMR and EXAFS. Phys Chem Chem Phys 1:2527–2533 .
16. Meiszterics, A, Rosta, L, Peterlik, H, Rohonczy, J, Kubuki, S, Henits, P, Sinkó, K 2010 Structural characterization of gel-derived calcium silicate systems. J Phys Chem A 114:10403–10411 .
17. Brinker CJ , Scherer GW. Hydrolysis and condensation II: silicates. In: Sol-gel science—the physics and chemistry of sol-gel processing. San Diego: Academic Press Inc.; 1990. p. 192–193.
18. Rea, SM, Best, SM, Bonfield, W 2004 Bioactivity of ceramic–polymer composites with varied composition and surface topography. J Mater Sci Mater Med 15:997–1005 .
19. Chen, X, Nouri, A, Li, Y, Lin, J, Hodgson, PD, Wen, C 2002 Effect of surface roughness of Ti, Zr, and TiZr on apatite precipitation from simulated body fluid. Biotechnol Bioeng 101:378–387 .
20. Schaefer, DW 1988 Fractal models and the structure of materials. MRS Bull 8:22–27.
21. Keefer, KD 1986 Growth and structure of fractally rough silica colloids CJ Brinker DE Clark DR Ulrich eds. Better ceramics through chemistry II Materials Research Society Pittsburgh, PA 295–304.
22. Gomes SR , Margaça FMA, Ferreira LM, Miranda Salvado IM, Falcão AN. Hybrid PDMS-Silica-Zirconia materials prepared by γ-irradiation. Nucl Instrum Methods Phys Res B. 2007;265: 114–7.