The thermal conductivity of polyolefins and halogen-substituted polymers was studied in a broad temperature interval spanning both solid and melt states, in the range of pressures from 0.1 up to 100 MPa with the aid of a high-pressureλ-calorimeter in the continuous heating regime. Treatment of data on the pressure dependence of the thermal conductivity of melts in terms of Barker's equation yielded the values of ‘quasilattice’ Grueneisen parameter γB which exhibited the same dependence on molecular structure of a polymer as the parameter 3C/p from the Simha-Somcynsky equation of state (number of external degress of freedom per chain repeat unit). Analysis of the dependence of the thermal conductivity of polyethylene on the degree of crystallinity revealed the inadequacy of the current two-phase model which does not account for the microheterogeneity of the ‘amorphous phase’. It was concluded that interchain heat transfer makes the dominant contribution to the thermal conductivity of polymers both in amorphous and in crystalline states.