Preeclampsia is characterized by hypertension, dyslipidemia, and systemic inflammatory response. The aim of this study was to determine the level of serum level of soluble vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (sVCAM-1) and high-sensitive C-reactive protein (hsCRP) in preeclampsia and to compare normal pregnant, mild preeclamptic, and severe preeclamptic women.
A cross-sectional study was conducted to determine the plasma concentrations of sVCAM-1 and hsCRP in peripheral blood obtained from normal pregnant (n=40), mild preeclamptic (n=37), and severe preeclamptic women (n=38). A concentration of soluble adhesion molecule was determined with enzymelinked immunosorbent assay. hsCRP was measured with immunoturbidometric.
There was significant difference in the means serum hsCRP between normal pregnant women and mild preeclamptic women (P<0.05). Serum concentration of hsCRP and sVCAM-1 (ng/mL) were significantly higher in severe preeclampsia (P<0.05) than normal pregnancy. There were also significant differences in hsCRP and sVCAM-1 levels between mild and severe (P<0.05). There was no difference in the mean sVCAM-1 between normal pregnant and mild preeclamptic women.
We have determined the serum concentration of VCAM-1 and hsCRP in normal pregnancy and preeclampsia. sVCAM-1 is elevated in severe preeclampsia compared with normal pregnancy, and hsCRP is elevated in severe preeclampsia compared with mild preeclampsia and normal pregnancy.
1. A.J. Gearing W. Newman 1993 Circulating adhesion molecules in disease Immunol Today 14 10 506 512.
2. J.M. Roberts R.N. Taylor T.J. Musci G.M. Rodgers C.A. Hubel M.K. McLaughlin 1989 Preeclampsia: an endothelial cell disorder Am J Obstet Gynecol 161 5 1200 1204.
3. G.A. Dekker B.M. Sibai 1998 Etiology and pathogenesis of preeclampsia: current concepts Am J Obstet Gynecol 179 5 1359 1375.
4. G.P. Sacks K. Studena K. Sargent C.W. Redman 1998 Normal pregnancy and preeclampsia both produce inflammatory changes in peripheral blood leukocytes akin to those of sepsis Am J Obstet Gynecol 179 1 80 86.
5. B.M. Sibai 2003 Diagnosis and management of gestational hypertension and preeclampsia Obstet Gynecol 102 1 181 192.
6. P.M. Ridker R.J. Glynn C.H. Hennekens 1998 C-reactive protein adds to the predictive value of total and HDL cholesterol in determining risk of first myocardial infarction Circulation 97 20 2007 2011.
7. E. Teran C. Escudero W. Moya M. Flores P. Vallance P. Lopez-Jaramillo 2001 Elevated C-reactive protein and pro-inflammatory cytokines in Andean women with pre-eclampsia Int J Gynaecol Obstet 75 3 243 249.
8. H. Yu N. Rifai 2000 High-sensitivity C-reactive protein and atherosclerosis: from theory to therapy Clin Biochem 33 8 601 610.
9. H.S. Hwang J.Y. Kwon M.A. Kim Y.W. Park Y.H. Kim 2007 Maternal serum highly sensitive C-reactive protein in normal pregnancy and pre-eclampsia Int J Gynaecol Obstet 98 2 105 109.
10. F.G. Cunningham J.W. Williams K.J. Leveno S. Bloom J.C. Hauth D.J. Rouse 2009 Williams Obstetrics 23rd ed McGraw-Hill Medical New York.
11. D.J. Freeman F. McManus E.A. Brown L. Cherry J. Norrie J.E. Ramsay et al.2004 Short- and long-term changes in plasma inflammatory markers associated with preeclampsia Hypertension 44 5 708 714.
12. W. Ramma A. Ahmed 2011 Is inflammation the cause of pre-eclampsia? Biochem Soc Trans 39 6 1619 1627.
13. A. Ahmed 2011 New insights into the etiology of preeclampsia: identification of key elusive factors for the vascular complications Thromb Res 127 Suppl3 S72 S75.
14. S.A. Friedman R.N. Taylor J.M. Roberts 1991 Pathophysiology of preeclampsia Clin Perinatol 18 4 661 682.
15. A. Mantovani E. Dejana 1989 Cytokines as communication signals between leukocytes and endothelial cells Immunol Today 10 11 370 375.
16. I.A. Greer J. Dawes T.A. Johnston A.A. Calder 1991 Neutrophil activation is confined to the maternal circulation in pregnancy-induced hypertension Obstet Gynecol 78 1 28 32.
17. A. Molvarec A. Szarka S. Walentin G. Beko I. Karadi Z. Prohaszka et al.2011 Serum leptin levels in relation to circulating cytokines, chemokines, adhesion molecules and angiogenic factors in normal pregnancy and preeclampsia Reprod Biol Endocrinol 9 124.
18. T. Krauss R. Osmers J. Beran F. Diedrich G. Fleckenstein W. Kuhn 1998 Soluble adhesion molecules in patients with pre-eclampsia Zentralbl Gynakol 120 6 279.
19. R. Austgulen E. Lien G. Vince C.W. Redman 1997 Increased maternal plasma levels of soluble adhesion molecules (ICAM-1, VCAM-1, E-selectin) in preeclampsia Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 71 1 53 58.
20. A. Halim N. Kanayama E. el Maradny A. Nakashima A.B. Bhuiyan S. Khatun et al.1996 Plasma P selectin (GMP-140) and glycocalicin are elevated in preeclampsia and eclampsia: their significances Am J Obstet Gynecol 174 1Pt1 272 277.
21. F. Lyall I.A. Greer F. Boswell L.M. Macara J.J. Walker 1994 The cell adhesion molecule, VCAM-1, is selectively elevated in serum in pre-eclampsia: does this indicate the mechanism of leucocyte activation? Br J Obstet Gynaecol 101 6 485 487.
22. Y. Daniel M. Kupferminc A. Baram A. Jaffa I. Wolman M. Shenhav et al.1998 Plasma soluble endothelial selectin is elevated in women with pre-eclampsia Hum Reprod 13 12 3537 3541.
23. J.R. Higgins A. Papayianni H.R. Brady M.R. Darling J.J. Walshe 1998 Circulating vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 in pre-eclampsia, gestational hypertension, and normal pregnancy: evidence of selective dysregulation of vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 homeostasis in pre-eclampsia Am J Obstet Gynecol 179 2 464 469.
24. T. Krauss H. Azab M. Dietrich H.G. Augustin 1998 Fetal plasma levels of circulating endothelial cell adhesion molecules in normal and preeclamptic pregnancies Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 78 1 41 45.
25. H. Zeisler J.C. Livingston C. Schatten C. Tempfer M. Knofler P. Husslein 2001 Serum levels of adhesion molecules in women with pregnancy-induced hypertension Wien Klin Wochenschr 113 15–16 588 592.
26. T. Chaiworapongsa R. Romero J. Yoshimatsu J. Espinoza Y.M. Kim K. Park et al.2002 Soluble adhesion molecule profile in normal pregnancy and pre-eclampsia J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med 12 1 19 27.
27. R. Madazli E. Budak Z. Calay M.F. Aksu 2000 Correlation between placental bed biopsy findings, vascular cell adhesion molecule and fibronectin levels in pre-eclampsia BJOG 107 4 514 518.
28. K. Ley Y. Huo 2001 VCAM-1 is critical in atherosclerosis J Clin Invest 107 10 1209 1210.
29. T. Krauss G. Emons W. Kuhn H.G. Augustin 2002 Predictive value of routine circulating soluble endothelial cell adhesion molecule measurements during pregnancy Clin Chem 48 9 1418 1425.
30. M.E. Chavarría L. Lara-González Y. García-Paleta V.S. Vital-Reyes A. Reyes 2008 Adhesion molecules changes at 20 gestation weeks in pregnancies complicated by preeclampsia Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 137 2 157 164.
31. C.W. Redman G.P. Sacks I.L. Sargent 1999 Preeclampsia: an excessive maternal inflammatory response to pregnancy Am J Obstet Gynecol 180 2Pt1 499 506.
32. T.W. Du Clos 1996 The interaction of C-reactive protein and serum amyloid P component with nuclear antigens Mol Biol Rep 23 3–4 253 260.
33. M.L. Tjoa J.M. van Vugt A.T. Go M.A. Blankenstein C.B. Oudejans I.J. van Wijk 2003 Elevated C-reactive protein levels during first trimester of pregnancy are indicative of preeclampsia and intrauterine growth restriction J Reprod Immunol 59 1 29 37.
34. M.D. Savvidou C.C. Lees M. Parra A.D. Hingorani K.H. Nicolaides 2002 Levels of C-reactive protein in pregnant women who subsequently develop pre-eclampsia BJOG 109 3 297 301.
35. A.A. Okerengwo A.I. Williams P.A. Ibeziako 1990 Immunological studies on pre-eclampsia in Nigerian women Int J Gynaecol Obstet 33 2 121 125.
36. M. Vickers I. Ford R. Morrison G. Prescott S. Watson P. Hannaford et al.2003 Markers of endothelial activation and atherothrombosis in women with history of preeclampsia or gestational hypertension Thromb Haemost 90 6 1192 1197.
37. L. Belo A. Santos-Silva M. Caslake J. Cooney L. Pereira-Leite A. Quintanilha et al.2003 Neutrophil activation and C-reactive protein concentration in preeclampsia Hypertens Pregnancy 22 2 129 1241.
38. Y. Üstün Y. Engin-üstün M. Kamaci 2005 Association of fibrinogen and C-reactive protein with severity of preeclampsia Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 121 2 154 158.
39. M. Can E. Sancar M. Harma B. Guven G. Mungan S. Acikgoz 2011 Inflammatory markers in preeclamptic patients Clin Chem Lab Med 49 9 1469 1472.
40. D.J. Pepple M.R. Hardeman A.M. Mullings H.L. Reid 2001 Erythrocyte deformability and erythrocyte aggregation in preeclampsia Clin Hemorheol Microcirc 24 1 43 48.