Mangroves are dynamic ecosystems due to influence of abiotic and biotic factors, but the latter are far less studied. Interactions between key invertebrate groups, trees, and soil properties, among others, determine the community structure throughout mangrove stand developing. Covariation among these factors, however, obscures their mutual relationships in shaping mangrove community assemblage patterns. In the estuary of Pacoti River (Ceará State, northeast Brazil), we compared the diversity and distribution of brachyurans and trees among several mid-littoral areas, and their relation with sediment features, to understand their relationships in community assemblage of new mangrove stands in developing. To discriminate the relation among these variables, ordination of data (PCA) and multivariate multiple correlation (PLS) were used. Data show that intertidal establishment of Brachyura was determined primarily by sediment properties, but further spatial distribution and diversity of this key faunal group, and the tree species that establishes, can influence each other. The prop roots habitat of Rhizophora mangle supports a higher brachyuran richness, since it allows the existence of multispecific crab burrow systems underground. Our results show that Rhizophora and brachyurans are key engineer organisms involved in shaping the physical and, hence, the ecological structure of newly established mangrove stands at Neotropics.
Abdi, H. 2007. Partial Least Square Regression PLS-Regression. In: N. Salkind (Ed.), Encyclopedia of Measurement and Statistic. Sage, Thousand Oaks. pp. 1–13.
Abele, L.G. 1976. Comparative species composition and relative abundance of decapod crustaceans in marine habitats of Panama. Mar. Biol. 38: 263–278.
Alleman, L.K., and M.W. Hester. 2011. Refinement of the fundamental niche of black mangrove (Avicennia germinans) seedlings in Louisiana: Applications for restoration. Wetlands Ecol. Manage. 19: 47–60.
Alongi, D.M. 2009. Paradigm shifts in mangrove biology. In: G.M.E Perillo, E. Wolanski, D.R. Cahoon and M.M. Brinson (eds.), Coastal Wetlands, an Integrated Ecosystem Approach. Elsevier, London, pp. 615–640.
Alongi, D.M. 2014. Carbon cycling and storage in mangrove forests. Annu. Rev. Mar. Sci. 6: 195–219.
Aschenbroich, A., E. Michaud, T. Stieglitz, F. Fromard, A. Gardel, M. Tavares and G. Thouzeau. 2016. Brachyuran crab community structure and associated sediment reworking activities in pioneer and young mangroves of French Guiana, South America. Estuar. Coast. Shelf Sci. 182: 60–71.
Ashton, E.C., P J. Hogarth and D.J. Macintosh. 2003a. A comparison of brachyuran crab community structure at four mangrove locations under different management systems along the Melaka Straits-Andaman Sea coast of Malaysia and Thailand. Estuaries 26: 1461–1471.
Ashton, E.C., D.J. Macintosh and P.J. Hogarth. 2003b. A baseline study of the diversity and community ecology of crab and molluscan macrofauna in the Sematan mangrove forest, Sarawak, Malaysia. J. Trop. Ecol. 19: 127–142.
Atkinson, R.J.A. and L.B. Eastman. 2015. Burrow dwelling in Crustacea. In: M. Thiel and L. Watling (eds.), The Natural History of the Crustacea, Vol 2: Lifestyles and Feeding Biology. Oxford University Press, New York. pp. 78–117.
Barreto, H.B.F., W.O. Santos and C.M. da Cruz. 2012. Analysis of the distribution of mean annual rainfall in the state of Ceará. Revista Verde de Agroecologia e Desenvolvimento Sustentável 7: 122–128.
Bezerra, L.E.A., C.B. Dias, G.X. Santana and H. Matthews-Cascon. 2006. Spatial distribution of fiddler crabs (genus Uca) in a tropical mangrove of northeast Brazil. Sci. Mar. 70: 759–766.
Bosire, J.O., J.G. Kairo, J. Kazungu, N. Koedam and F. Dahdouh-Guebas. 2005. Predation on propagules regulates regeneration in a high-density reforested mangrove plantation. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 299: 149–155.
Branco, J.O. 1991. Aspectos ecológicos dos Brachyura (Crustacea: Decapoda) no mangezal de Itacorubi, SC–Brasil. Rev. Bras. Zool. 7: 165–179.
Brower, J. and J.H. Zar. 1984. Field and Laboratory Methods for General Ecology. 2nd ed. WCB Publishers, Iowa.
Burggren, W. and B. McMahon. 1988. Biology of the Land Crabs. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
Butman, C.A. 1987. Larval settlement of soft-sediment invertebrates: the spatial scale of pattern explained by active habitat selection and the emerging role of hydrodynamical processes. Oceanogr. Mar. Biol. Annu. Rev. 25: 113–165.
Calderon, D.G. and B.R. Echeverri. 1997. Obtaining Rhizophora mangle seedlings by stimulation of adventitious roots using an air-layering technique. In: B. Kjerfve (ed.), Mangrove Ecosystem Studies in Latin America and Africa. UNESCO, Paris. pp. 98–107.
Cannicci, S., B. Burrows, S. Fratini, T.J. Smith III, J. Offenberg and F. Dahdouh-Guebas. 2008. Faunal impact on vegetation structure and ecosystem function in mangrove forests: a review. Aquat. Bot. 89: 186–200.
Cannicci, S., M. Fusi, F. Cipó, F. Dahdouh-Guebas and S. Fratini. 2018. Interference competition as a key determinant for spatial distribution of mangrove crabs. BMC Ecology 18: 1–12.
Carmona-Suárez, C. 2011. Present status of Cardisoma guanhumi Latreille, 1828 (Crustacea: Brachyura: Gecarcinidae) populations in Venezuela. Interciencia 36: 908–913.
Chapman, M.G. and T.J. Tolhurst. 2004. The relationship between invertebrate assemblages and bio-dependent properties of sediment in urbanized temperate mangrove forests. J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol. 304: 51–73.
Chen, G., Y. Yong and C. Lu. 2007. Changes of macro-benthic faunal community with stand age of rehabilitated Kandelia candel mangrove in Jiulongjiang Estuary, China. Ecol. Eng. 31: 215–224.
Cintrón, G. and Y. Schaeffer-Novelli. 1983. Introducción a la ecología del Manglar. UNESCO, Montevideo.
Clark, D.B., D.A. Clarke and J.M. Read. 1998. Edaphic mesoscale and the distribution of tree species in a neotropical rain forest. J. Ecol. 86: 101–112.
Clarke, P.J. and W.G. Allaway. 1993. The regeneration niche of the grey mangrove (Avicennia marina): effects of salinity, light and sediment factors on establishment, growth and survival in the field. Oecologia 93: 548–556.
Cleveland, W.S. 1993. Visualizing Data. Hobart Press, NJ.
Colares, G.B. and V.M.M. Melo. 2013. Relating microbial community structure and environmental variables in mangrove sediments inside Rhizophora mangle L. habitats. Appl. Soil Ecol. 64: 171–177.
Colpo, K.D., M.M. Chacur, F.J. Guimarães and M.L. Negreiros-Fransozo. 2011. Subtropical Brazilian mangroves as a refuge of crab (Decapoda: Brachyura) diversity. Biodivers. Conserv. 20: 3239–3250.
Cuddington, K., J.E. Byers, W.G. Wilson and A. Hastings. 2007. Ecosystem engineers, from Plants to Protists. Elsevier, Oxford.
Dahdouh-Guebas, F., M. Verneirt, J.F. Tack and N. Koedam. 1997. Food preferences of Neosarmatium meinerti de Man (Decapoda: Sesarminae) and its possible effect on the regeneration of mangroves. Hydrobiologia 347: 83–89.
Diamond, J.M. 1975. Assembly of species communities. In: M. Cody and J.M. Diamond (eds.), Ecology and Evolution of Communities. Harvard University Press, Cambridge. pp. 342–444.
Donato, D.C., J.B. Kauffman, D. Murdiyarso, S. Kurnianto, M. Stidham and M. Kanninen. 2011. Mangroves among the most carbon-rich forests in the tropics. Nat. Geosci. 4: 293–297.
Feng, J., J. Guo, Q. Huang, J. Jiang, G. Huang, Z. Yang and G. Lin. 2014. Changes in the community structure and diet of benthic macrofauna in invasive Spartina alterniflora wetlands following restoration with native mangroves. Wetlands 34: 673–683.
Ferreira, A.C. 1998. Composição de Crustacea (Decapoda) dos manguezais do Município de Macau/RN. MSc Dissertation, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte (UFRN), Natal, Brazil.
Ferreira, A.C. and C. Sankarankutty. 2002. Estuarine Carcinofuna (Decapoda) of Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil. Nauplius 2: 121–129.
Ferreira, A.C. and L.D. Lacerda. 2016. Degradation and conservation of Brazilian mangroves, status and perspectives. Ocean. Coast. Manag. 125: 38–46.
Ferreira, A.C., G. Ganade, F.A.M. Freire and J.L. Attayde. 2013. Propagule predation in a Neotropical mangrove: the role of the grapsid crab Goniopsis cruentata. Hydrobiologia 707: 135–146.
Ferreira, A.C., G. Ganade and J.L Attayde. 2015. Restoration versus natural regeneration in a neotropical mangrove: Effects on plant biomass and crab communities. Ocean Coast. Manage. 110: 38–45.
Ferreira, A.C., L.E.A. Bezerra and H. Mathews-Cascon. 2019. Aboveground stock in a restored Neotropical mangrove: Influence of management and brachyuran crab assemblage. Wetlands Ecol. Manage. 27: 223–242.
Fiuza, A.B.J.Q., L.G.O. Le Hugeur and B.J. Queiroz. 2010. Análise ambiental do baixo curso do rio Pacoti – Ceará. Arq. Ciên. Mar. 43: 18–29.
Frusher, S., R.L. Giddins and T.J. Smith III. 1994. Distribution and abundance of grapsid crabs (Grapsidae) in a mangrove estuary: Effects of sediment characteristics, salinity tolerances, and osmoregulatory ability. Estuaries 17: 647–654.
Fukami, T. and D.A. Wardle. 2005. Long-term ecological dynamics: reciprocal insights from natural and anthropogenic gradients. Proceedings of the Royal Society B 272: 2105–2115.
Gill A.M. and P.B. Tomlinson. 1977. Studies on the growth of red mangrove (Rhizophora mangle L.) 4. The adult root system. Biotropica 9: 145–155.
Goes, P., J.O. Branco, M.A.A. Pinheiro, E. Barbieri, D. Costa and L.L. Fernandes. 2010. Bioecology of the Uçá-crab, Ucides cordatus (Linnaeus, 1763) in Vitória Bay, Espírito Santo State, Brazil. Braz. J. Ocean. 58: 153–163.
Gotelli, N.J. and A.M. Ellison. 2004. A primer of Ecological Statistics. Sinauer Ass. Inc., Massachussetts.
Graham, A. 1995. Diversification of Gulf/Caribbean mangrove communities through Cenozoic time. Biotropica 27: 20–27.
Hammer, Ø., D.A.T. Harper and P.D. Ryan. 2001. Past: Paleontological statistics software package for education and data analysis. Palaeontol. Electronica 4: 1–9.
Höskuldsson, A. 1988. PLS Regression Methods. J. Chemometr. 2: 211–228.
Jolliffe, I.T. 2002. Principal Component Analysis. 2nd ed. Springer, New York.
Jones, C.G., J.H. Lawton and M. Schachak. 1994. Organisms as ecosystem engineers. Oikos 69: 373–386.
Katrak, G., S. Dittmann and L. Seuront. 2008. Spatial variation in burrow morphology of the mud shore crab Helograpsus haswellianus (Brachyura, Grapsidae) in South Australian saltmarshes. Mar Freshw. Res. 59: 902–911.
Kauffman, J.B., A.F. Bernardino, T.O. Ferreira, N.W. Bolton, L.E.O. Gomes and G.N. Nobrega. 2018. Shrimp ponds lead to massive loss of soil carbon and greenhouse gas emissions in northeastern Brazilian mangroves. Ecol. Evol. 8: 5530–5540.
Koch, V. and M. Wolff. 2002. Energy budget and ecological role of mangrove epibenthos in the Caeté estuary, North Brazil. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 228: 119–130.
Koch, V., M. Wolff and K. Diele. 2005. Comparative population dynamics of four fiddler crabs (Ocypodidae, genus Uca) from a North Brazilian mangrove ecosystem. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 291: 177–188.
Krauss, K.W., C.E. Lovelock, K.L. McKee, L. López-Hoffman, S.M.L. Ewe and W.P. Sousa. 2008. Environmental drivers in mangrove establishment and early development: A review. Aquat. Bot. 89: 105–127.
Kristensen, E. and D.M. Alongi. 2006. Control by fiddler crabs (Uca vocans) and plant roots (Avicennia marina) on carbon, iron, and sulfur biogeochemistry in mangrove sediment. Limnol. Oceanogr. 51: 1557–1571.
Kristensen, E. and J.E. Kostka. 2005. Macrofaunal burrows and irrigation in marine sediment: Microbiological and biogeochemical interactions. In: E. Kristensen, R.R. Haese and J.E. Kostka (eds.), Interactions Between Macro- and Microorganisms in Marine Sediments. American Geophysical Union, Washington. pp. 125–157.
Kristensen, E. 2008. Mangrove crabs as ecosystem engineers; with emphasis on sediment processes. J. Sea Res. 59: 30–43.
Lacerda, L.D. (ed.) 2002. Mangrove Ecosystems: Function and Management. Springer Verlag, Berlin.
Lacerda, L.D. and R.V. Marins. 2002. River damming and changes in mangrove distribution. Glomis / ISME Electronic Journal 2: 1–4.
Lacerda, L.D., V. Ittekkot and S.R. Patchineelam. 1995. Biogeochemistry of mangrove soil organic matter: a comparison between Rhizophora and Avicennia soils in southeastern Brazil. Estuar. Coast. Shelf Sci. 40: 713–720.
Lacerda, L.D., M.O.T. Menezes and M.M. Molisani. 2007. Changes in mangrove extension at the Pacoti River estuary, CE, NE Brazil due to regional environmental changes between 1958 and 2004. Biota Neotrop. 7: 67–72.
Lee, S.Y. 1998. Ecological role of grapsid crabs in mangrove ecosystems: A review. Mar. Fresh. Res. 49: 335–343.
Lee, S.Y. 1999. Tropical mangrove ecology: physical and biotic factors influencing ecosystem structure and function. Aust. J. Ecol. 24: 355–366.
Leung, J.Y.S. 2015a. Habitat heterogeneity affects ecological functions of macrobenthic communities in a mangrove: Implication for the impact of restoration and afforestation. Glob. Ecol. Conserv. 4: 423–433.
Leung, J.Y.S. 2015b. Habitat heterogeneity determining the macrobenthic infaunal community in a mangrove swamp in South China: Implication for plantation and plant invasion. J. Coast. Res. 31: 624–633.
Lima-Gomes, R.C., V.J. Cobo and A. Fransozo. 2011. Feeding behaviour and ecosystem role of the red mangrove crab Goniopsis cruentata (Latreille, 1803) (Decapoda, Grapsoidea) in a subtropical estuary on the Brazilian coast. Crustaceana 84: 735–747.
Macintosh, D.J. 1988. The ecology and physiology of decapods of mangrove swamps. Symp. Zool. Soc. London 59: 315–341.
Macintosh, D.J., E.C. Ashton and S. Havanon. 2002. Mangrove rehabilitation and intertidal biodiversity: A study in the Ranong Mangrove Ecosystem, Thailand. Estuar. Coast. Shelf Sci. 55: 331–345.
McNaughton, S.J. and L.L. Wolf. 1970. Dominance and the niche in ecological systems. Science 167: 131–139.
Minchinton, T.E. 2001. Canopy and substratum heterogeneity influence recruitment of the mangrove Avicennia marina. J. Ecol. 89: 888–902.
Moh, H.H., V.C. Chong and A. Sasekumar. 2015. Distribution and burrow morphology of three sympatric species of Thalassina mud lobsters in relation to environmental parameters on a Malayan mangrove shore. J. Sea Res. 95: 75–83.
Morrisey, D.J., T.H. DeWitt, D.S. Roper and R.B. Williamson. 1999. Variation in the depth and morphology of burrows of the mud crab Helice crassa among different types of intertidal sediment in New Zealand. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 182: 231–242.
Morrisey, D.J., G.A. Skilleter, J.I. Ellis, B.R. Burns, C.E. Kempa and K. Burt. 2003. Differences in benthic fauna and sediment among mangrove (Avicennia marina var. australasica) stands of different ages in New Zealand. Estuar. Coast. Shelf Sci. 56: 581–592.
Nash, M.S., D.J. Chaloud and R.D. Lopez. 2005. Applications of Canonical Correlation and Partial Least Squares Analyses in Landscape Ecology. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Las Vegas.
Ng, P.K.L., D. Guinot and P.J.F. Davie. 2008. Systema Brachyurorum: part I. An annotated list of Extant Brachyuran crabs of the world. Raffles Bull. Zool. 17: 1–286.
Pascoalini, S.S., D.M.S. Lopes, A.R. Falqueto and M.M.P. Tognella. 2014. Abordagem ecofisiológica dos manguezais: uma revisão. Biotemas 27: 1–11.
Pickett, S.T.A. 1989. Space-for-time substitution as an alternative to long-term studies. In: G.E. Likens (Ed.), Long-term Studies in Ecology: Approaches and Alternatives. Springer-Verlag, New York. pp. 110–135.
Potts, M.D., S.J. Davies, W.H. Bossert, S. Tan and M.N. Nur Supardi. 2004. Habitat heterogeneity and niche structure of trees in two tropical rain forests. Oecologia 139: 446–453.
Proffitt, C.E. and D.J. Devlin. 2005. Grazing by the intertidal gastropod Melampus coffeus greatly increases mangrove leaf litter degradation rates. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 296: 209–218.
Quintero-Torres, E., N. Chacón and B. López-Sánchez. 2018. The ecosystem engineering role of the Neotropical crab Cardisoma guanhumi on mangrove soil properties. Wetlands Ecol. Manage. 26: 993–1000.
Rebelo-Mochel, F. 1997. Mangroves on São Luiz Island, Maranhão, Brazil. In: B. Kjerfve (ed.), Mangrove Ecosystem Studies in Latin America and Africa. UNESCO, Paris. pp. 145–154.
R Development Core Team . 2012. R: A language and environment for statistical computing. R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna, Austria. ISBN 3-900051-07-0. http://www.R-project.org.
Ricklefs, R.E. and R.E. Latham. 1993. Global patterns of diversity in mangrove floras. In: R.E. Ricklefs and D. Schluter (eds.), Species Diversity in Ecological Communities: Historical and Geographical Perspectives. University of Chicago Press, Chicago. pp. 215–229.
Robertson, A.I. and P.A. Daniel. 1989. Decomposition and the annual flux of detritus from fallen timber in tropical mangrove forests. Limnol. Oceanogr. 34: 640–646.
Sanchez, G. and L. Trinchera. 2012. Plspm: Partial Least Squares Data Analysis Methods. R package version 0.2-2. http://CRAN.R-project.org/package=plspm
Schaeffer-Novelli, Y. and G. Cintrón. 1986. Guia para estudo de áreas de manguezal; estrutura, função e flora. Caribbean Ecological Research, São Paulo.
Schmidt, A.J. and K. Diele. 2009. First field record of mangrove crab Ucides cordatus (Crustacea: Decapoda: Ucididae) recruits co-inhabiting burrows of conspecific crabs. Zoologia 26: 792–794.
Schulte, E.E. and B.G. Hopkins. 1996. Estimation of sediment organic matter by weight loss-on ignition. In: F.R. Magdoff, M.A. Tabatabai and E.A. Hanlon (Eds.), Sediment Organic Matter: Analysis and Interpretation. Sediment Science Society of America, Madison. pp. 21–31.
Shih, H.T., P.K.L. Ng, P.J.F. Davie, C.D. Schubart, M. Türkay, R. Naderloo, D. Jones and M.Y. Liu. 2016. Systematics of the family Ocypodidae Rafinesque, 1815 (Crustacea: Brachyura), based on phylogenetic relationships, with a reorganization of subfamily rankings and a review of the taxonomic status of Uca Leach, 1814, sensu lato and its subgenera. Raffles Bull. Zool. 64: 139–175.
Skov, M.W. and R.G. Hartnoll. 2002. Paradoxical selective feeding on a low-nutrient diet: why do mangrove crabs eat leaves? Oecologia 131: 1–7.
Smith III, T.J. 1987a. Effects of seed predators and light level on the distribution of Avicennia marina (Forsk.) Vierh. in tropical, tidal forests. Est. Coast. Shelf Sci. 25: 43–51.
Smith III, T.J. 1987b. Seed predation in relation to tree dominance and distribution in mangrove forests. Ecology 68: 266–273.
Smith III, T.J., K.G. Boto, S.D. Frusher and R.L. Giddins. 1991. Keystone species and mangrove forest dynamics: the influence of burrowing by crabs on soil nutrient status and forest productivity. Est. Coast. Shelf Sci. 33: 419–432.
Smith III, T.J., H.T. Chan, C.C. McIvor and M.B. Robblee. 1989. Comparisons of seed predation in tropical tidal forests from three continents. Ecology 70: 146–151.
Soares, M.L.G. 1999. Estrutura vegetal e grau de perturbação dos manguezais da Lagoa da Tijuca, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil. Rev. Bras. Biol. 59: 503–515.
Sobek, S., Tranvik, L. J., Cole, J. J. 2005. Temperature independence of carbon dioxide supersaturation in global lakes. Global Biogeochem. Cycles 19: 1–10.
Souza, M.M.A. and E.V.S.B Sampaio. 2011. Predation on propagules and seedlings in mature and regenerating mangroves in the coast of Ceará, Brazil. Hydrobiologia 661: 179–186.
Tavares, D.S., R.C. Maia and C.A. Rocha-Barreira. 2011. Contribuição de Melampus coffeus (Gastropoda, Ellobiidae) na degradação da serapilheira do médio estuário do rio Pacoti, Ceará, Brasil. Iheringia 101: 56–60.
Terborgh, J., R.B. Foster and P.V. Nuñez. 1996. Tropical tree communities: a test of the nonequilibrium hypothesis. Ecology 77: 561–567.
Tews, J., U. Brose, V. Grimm, K. Tielbörger, M.C. Wichmann, M. Schwager and F. Jeltsch. 2004. Animal species diversity driven by habitat heterogeneity/diversity: the importance of keystone structures. J. Biogeogr. 31: 79–92.
Thom, B.G. 1967. Mangrove ecology and deltaic geomorphology: Tabasco, Mexico. J. Ecol. 55: 301–343.
Thongtham, N. and E. Kristensen. 2003. Physical chemical characteristics of mangrove crab Neoepisesarma versicolor burrows in the Bangrong mangrove forest, Phuket, Thailand; with emphasis on behavioral response to changing environmental conditions. Vie Milieu 53: 141–151.
Vale, V.F., S.A.S.N. Moraes, V.L.G. Brito, C.E.R.D. Alencar and F.A.M. Freire. 2017. Shell use by sympatric hermit crab species in a seasonally open coastal lagoon in Northeastern Brazil. Mar. Ecol. e12451: 1–14.
Valiela, I., J.L. Bowen, J.K. York. 2001. Mangrove forests: one of the World's threatened major tropical environments. BioScience 51: 807–815.
Van Nedervelde, F., S. Cannicci, N. Koedam, J. Bosire and F. Dahdouh-Guebas. 2015. What regulates crab predation on mangrove propagules? Acta Oecol. 63: 63–70.
Vannini, M., A. Oluoch, R.K. Ruwa. 1997. Tree climbing decapods of Kenyan mangroves. In: B. Kjerfve (ed.), Mangrove Ecosystem studies in Latin America and Africa. UNESCO, Paris. pp. 325–338.
Ventura, R., U.A.Y. Silva, G. Perbiche-Neves, A. Ostrensky, W.A.P. Boeger and M.R. Pie. 2008. Duration of the pre-settlement period of the mangrove crab Ucides cordatus (Decapoda: Ocypodidae) under laboratory conditions. Braz. Arch. Biol. Technol. 5: 957–962.
Vermeiren, P. and M. Sheaves. 2014. Predictable habitat associations of five intertidal crab species across estuaries. Est. Coast. Shelf Sci. 149: 133–142.
Wang, M., X. Gao and W. Wang. 2014. Differences in burrow morphology of crabs between Spartina alterniflora marsh and mangrove habitats. Ecol. Eng. 69: 213–219.
Warner, G.F. 1969. The occurrence and distribution of crabs in a Jamaican mangrove swamp. J. Anim. Ecol. 38: 379–389.
Warren, J.H. and A.J. Underwood. 1986. Effects of burrowing crabs on the topography of mangrove swamps in New South Wales. J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol. 102: 223–235.
Wold, S. 1995. PLS for multivariate linear modeling. In: H. Van de Waterbeemd (ed.), Chemometric Methods in Molecular Design, Methods and Principles in Medicinal Chemistry. Verlag-Chemie, Germany. pp. 195–218.
Worthington, T. and M. Spalding. 2018. Mangrove Restoration Potential: A global map highlighting a critical opportunity. IUCN. pp. 1–19. https://www.iucn.org/sites/dev/files/content/documents/mangrove-tnc-report-final.31.10.lowspreads.pdf
Woodroffe, C.D. 1983. Development of mangrove forests from a geological perspective. In: H.J. Teas (ed.), Biology and Ecology of Mangroves. W. Junk Publishers, The Hague. pp. 1–17.
Zamprogno, G.C., M.M.P. Tognella, V.S. Quaresma, M.B. Costa, S.S. Pascoalini and G.F. Couto. 2016. The structural heterogeneity of an urbanised mangrove forest area in southeastern Brazil: Influence of environmental factors and anthropogenic stressors. Braz. J. Oceanogr. 64: 157–172.
Zenone, A., F. Badalamenti, V.M. Giacalone, L. Musco, C. Pipitone, T.V. Fernández, G. D'Anna. 2016. Substrate preference and settlement behaviour of the megalopa of the invasive crab Percnon gibbesi (Decapoda, Percnidae) in the Mediterranean Sea. Helgol. Mar. Res. 70: 1–7.