Hypersensitive response/reaction is a form of the cellular demise frequently linked alongside plant resistance against pathogen infection. Main transducers for this reaction are the intermediates of reactive oxygen and ion fluxes which are plausibly needed for hypersensitive response (Hpr Sen Rsp). An immediate and enormous energy production and its intra-cellular biochemical conduction are imperative for an Hpr Sen Rsp to be occurred. A number of studies proved that there are such diverse types of factors involved in triggering of Hpr Sen Rsp that morphologies of dead cells have become a vast topic of study. Hpr Sen Rsp could play a frolic role in plants as certain programmed cellular disintegrations in other organisms, to restrict pathogen growth. In fact, Hpr Sen Rsp can be involved in all types of tissues and most of the developmental stages.
1. L.A.J. Mur 2007 Hypersensitive response in plants eLS. John Wiley & Sons Ltd. Chichester.
2. B.J. Staskawicz F.M. Ausubel B.J. Baker J.G. Ellis J.D.G. Jones 1995 Molecular genetics of plant disease resistance Science 268 661 667.
3. A.F. Bent 1996 Plant disease resistance genes: function meets structure Plant Cell 8 1757 1771.
4. J. Ebel E.G. Cosio 1994 Elicitors of plant defense responses Int Rev Cytol 148 1 36.
5. T. Boller G. Felix 2009 A renaissance of elicitors: perception of microbe-associated molecular patterns and danger signals by pattern-recognition receptors Annual Review of Plant Biology 60 379 406.
6. K.E. Hammond-Kosack J.D.G. Jones 1996 Resistance gene-dependent plant defense responses Plant Cell 8 1773 1791.
7. J.L. Dangl J.T.G. Jones 2001 Plant pathogens and integrated defense responses to infection Nature 411 826 833.
8. S. Lee Y. Ishiga K. Clermont K.S. Mysore 2013 Coronatine inhibits stomatal closure and delays hypersensitive response cell death induced by nonhost bacterial pathogens Peer J 1 e34.
9. J. Cui A.K. Bahrami E.G. Pringle G.H. Guzman C.L. Bender N.E. Pierce F.M. Ausubel 2005 Pseudomonas syringae manipulates systemic plant defenses against pathogens and herbivores 102 5 1791 1796.
10. J.T. Greenberg A. Guo D.F. Klessig F.M. Ausubel 1994 Programmed cell death in plants — a pathogen-triggered response activated coordinately with multiple defense functions Cell 77 551 563.
11. X.Y. Zheng N.W. Spivey W. Zeng P.P. Liu Z.Q. Fu D.F. Klessig S.Y. He X. Dong 2012 Coronatine promotes Pseudomonas syringae virulence in plants by activating a signaling cascade that inhibits salicylic acid accumulation Cell Host Microbe 116 587 596.
12. G. Zheng D.R. Bachinsky I. Stamenkovic D.K. Strickland D. Brown G. Andres R.T. McCluskey 1994 Organ distribution in rats of two members of the low-density lipoprotein receptor gene family, gp330 and LRP/a2MR, and the receptor-associated protein, (RAP) J Histochem Cytochem 42 531 542.
13. G. Hu T.E. Richter S.H. Hulbert T. Pryor 1996 Disease lesion mimicry caused by mutations in the rust rp1 resistance gene Plant Cell 8 1367 1376.
14. J.L. Dangl R.A. Dietrich M.H. Richberg 1996 Death don't have no mercy: cell death programs in plant-microbe interactions Plant Cell 8 1793 1807.
15. R. Mittler E. Lam 1996 Sacrifice in the face of foes: pathogen-induced programmed cell death in plants Trends Microbiol 4 10 15.
16. M.M. Atkinson C.J. Baker 1989 Role of the plasmalemma H-ATPase in Pseudomonas syringae-induced K+/H+ exchange in suspension-cultured tobacco cells Plant Physiol 91 298 303.
17. R. Mittler V. Shulaev E. Lam 1995 Coordinate activation of programmed cell death and defense mechanisms in transgenic tobacco plants expressing a bacterial proton pump Plant Cell 7 29 42.
18. T. Nürnberger D. Nennsteil T. Jabs W.R. Sacks K. Hahlbrock D. Schell 1994 High affinity binding of a fungal oligopeptide elicitor to parsley plasma membranes triggers multiple defense responses Cell 78 449 460.
19. S.Y. He H.C. Huang A. Collmer 1993 Pseudomonas syringae pv syringae Harpin: a protein that is secreted via the hrp pathway and elicits the hypersensitive response in plants Cell 73 1255 1266.
20. M.J. May K.E. Hammond-Kosack J.D.G. Jones 1996 Involvement of reactive oxygen species, glutathione metabolism, and lipid peroxidation in the Cf-gene dependent defense response of tomato cotyledons induced by race-specific elicitors of Cladosporium fulvum Plant Physiol 110 1367 1379.
21. Y. Zhao R. Thilmony C.L. Bender A. Schaller S.Y. He G.A. Howe 2003 Virulence systems of Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato promote bacterial speck disease in tomato by targeting the jasmonate signaling pathway The Plant Journal 364 485 499.
22. C.Y. Chen M.C. Heath 1991 Cytological studies of the hypersensitive death of cowpea epidermal cells induced by basidiospores-derived infection by the cowpea rust fungus Can J Bot 69 1199 1206.
23. A. Levine R.I. Pennell M.E. Alvarez R. Palmer C.J. Lamb 1996 Calcium-mediated apoptosis in plant hypersensitive disease resistance response Curr Biol 6 427 437.
24. R. Mittler V. Shulaev M. Seskar E. Lam 1996 Inhibition of programmed cell death in tobacco plants during a pathogen-induced hypersensitive response at low oxygen pressure Plant Cell 8 1991 2001.
25. D.E. Ryerson M.C. Heath 1996 Cleavage of nuclear DNA into oligonucleosomal fragments during cell death induced by fungal infection or by abiotic treatments Plant Cell 8 393 402.
26. R. Mittler E. Lam 1995 Identification, characterization, and purification of a tobacco endonuclease activity induced upon hypersensitive response cell death Plant Cell 7 1951 1962.
27. H. Wang J. Li R.M. Bostock D.G. Gilchrist 1996 Apoptosis: a functional paradigm for programmed plant cell death induced by a host-selective phytotoxin and invoked during development Plant Cell 8 375 391.
28. S.R. Scofield C.M. Tobias J.P. Rathjen J.H. Chang D.T. Lavelle R.W. Michelmore B.J. Staskawicz 1997 Molecular basis of geneforgene specificity in bacterial speck disease of tomato Science 274 2063 2065.
29. X. Tang R.D. Frederick J. Zhou D.A. Halterman Y. Jia G.B. Martin 1997 Initiation of plant disease resistance by physical interaction of AvrPto and Pto kinase Science 274 2060 2063.
30. D. Mackey B. Holt A. Wiig J. Dangl 2002 RIN4 Interacts with Pseudomonas syringae Type III effector molecules and is required for RPM1-mediated resistance in Arabidopsis Cell 108 743 754.
31. R.T. Leister F.M. Ausubel F. Katagari 1996 Molecular recognition of pathogen attack occurs inside of plant cells in plant disease resistance specified by the Arabidopsis genes RPS2 and RPM1 Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 93 15497 15502.
32. G. Van den Ackerveken E. Marois U. Bonas 1996 Recognition of the bacterial protein AvrBs3 occurs inside the host plant cell Cell 87 1307 1316.
33. J.D.G. Jones 1997 A kinase with keen eyes Nature 385 397 398.
34. H. Yoshioka S. Asai M. Yoshioka M. Kobayashi 2009 Molecular mechanisms of generation for nitric oxide and reactive oxy gen species, and role of the radical burst in plant immunity Mol Cells 28 321 329.
35. Watanabe N , Lam E: The hypersensitive response in plant disease resistance. multigenic and induced systemic resistance in plants. 83–111 (2006).
36. T. Jabs R.A. Dietrich J.L. Dangl 1996 Initiation of runaway cell death in an Arabidopsis mutant by extracellular superoxide Science 273 1853 1856.
37. M.D. Zurbriggen N. Carrillo M.R. Hajirezaei 2010 ROS signaling in the hypersensitive response Plant Signal Behav 5 4 393 396.
38. M.C. Heath 2000 Hypersensitive response-related death Plant Molecular Biology 44 321 334.
39. J.A. Glazener E.W. Orlandi C.J. Baker 1996 The active oxygen response of cell suspensions to incompatible bacteria is not sufficient to cause hypersensitive cell death Plant Physiol 110 759 763.
40. J.M. Salmerson G.E.D. Oldroyd C.M. Rommens S.R. Scofield H.-C. Kim S.R. Lavelle D. Dahlbeck B.J. Staskawicz 1996 Tomato Prf is a member of theleucine-rich repeat class of plant disease resistance and lies embedded within the Pto kinase gene cluster Cell 86 123 133.
41. R.W. Michelmore B.C. Meyers 1998 Clusters of resistance genes in plants evolve by divergent selection and a birth-and-death process Genome Res 8 1113 1130.
42. D. Ren K.Y. Yang G.J. Li Y. Liu S. Zhang 2006 Activation of Ntf4, a tobacco mitogen-activated protein kinase, during plant defense response and its involvement in hypersensitive response-like cell death Plant Physiol 141 1482 1493.
43. Y. Liu D. Ren S. Pike S. Pallardy W. Gassmann S. Zhang 2007 Chloroplast-generated reactive oxygen species are involved in hypersensitive response-like cell death mediated by a mitogen-activated protein kinase cascade Plant J 51 941 954.
44. J. Zhou Y.T. Loh R.A. Bressan G.B. Martin 1995 The tomato gene Pti1 encodes a serine/threonine kinase that is phosphorylated by Pto and is involved in the hypersensitive response Cell 83 925 935.
45. R. Brueggeman N. Rostoks A. Kilian F. Han J. Chen A. Druka B. Steffenson A. Kleinhof 2002 The barley stem rust-resistance gene Rpg1 is a novel disease-resistance gene with homology to receptor kinases Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 99 9328 9333.
46. C.J. Baker E.W. Orlandi 1995 Active oxygen in plant pathogenesis Annu Rev Phytopathol 33 299 321.
47. A. Falk B.J. Feys L.N. Frost J.D.G. Jones M.J. Daniels J.E. Parker 1999 EDS1, an essential component of R gene mediated disease resistance in Arabidopsis has homology to eukaryotic lipases Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 96 3292 3297.
48. O. del Pozo E. Lam 2003 Expression of the baculovirus p35 protein in tobacco delays cell death progression and enhanced systemic movement of tobacco mosaic virus during the hypersensitive responses Mol Plant Microbe Interact 16 485 494.
49. A.K. Pandey M.J. Ger H.E. Huang M.K. Yip J. Zeng T.Y. Feng 2005 Expression of the hypersensitive response-assisting protein in Arabidopsis results in harpin-dependent hypersensitive cell death in response to Erwinia carotovora Plant Mol Biol 595 771 780.
50. N. Hatsugai M. Kuroyanagi K. Yamada et al.2004 A plant vacuolar protease, VPE, mediates virus-induced hypersensitive cell death Science 305 855 858.
51. M. Melotto W. Underwood S.Y. He 2008 Role of stomata in plant innate immunity and foliar bacterial diseases Annu Rev Phytopathol 46 101 122.