With individual countries and the world as a whole facing threats of all kind and the persistent poverty of groups, all countries are faced with the ongoing questions and challenges of how to maximise the potential of all their citizens to avoid potential unrest. This research, then, addresses several questions related to this topic. (1) Who are individuals who are different? (2) How does the underutilisation of human potential occur? (3) How does the underutilisation of human potential lead to societal and individual nonmonetary costs? (4) What can and should be done to better utilise the potential of all individuals? It is not enough for countries to assess the costs associated with the underutilisation of the potential of individuals who are different, for this research suggests that individuals who are different have been underutilised at all levels. At the beginning of the 21st century, countries will find it necessary to develop strategies to address the societal and individual costs associated with the underutilisation of individuals who are different while simultaneously increasing their utilisation.
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