Society and Economy
Volume/Issue:
Volume 37: Issue 1
Spontaneous order and social norms. Hayek’s theory of socio-cultural evolution
Author:
Péter GedeonCorvinus University of Budapest Department of Comparative Economics Budapest Hungary

Search for other papers by Péter Gedeon in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMedClose
View More View Less
Pages:
1–29
Online Publication Date:
04 Mar 2015
Publication Date:
01 Mar 2015
Article Category:
Research Article
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1556/socec.37.2015.1.1
Keywords:
socio-cultural evolution; invisible-hand explanations; spontaneous market order; social norms; methodological individualism; functionalism; A13; B25; B52; B53
Restricted access

Hayek’s theory of socio-cultural evolution is a generalization of his theory on spontaneous market order. Hayek explains both the emergence of market and social institutions serving as a social basis for that order within the framework of a unified evolutionary logic. This logic interprets the emergence and survival of spontaneous order and group-level rules of conduct as an unintended consequence of human action. In order to explain the emergence of social norms exclusively on the basis of methodological individualism, one would have to give up an exclusively evolutionary explanation of these norms. Since Hayek applies the invisible-hand explanation to the investigation of social norms, he combines the position of methodological individualism with functionalist-evolutionary arguments in his analysis. Hayek’s theory of socio-cultural evolution represents a theory in the framework of which methodological individualism and functionalism do not crowd out but complement each other.

  • Agassi, J. (1975): Institutional individualism. The British Journal of Sociology 26(2): 144–155.

    Agassi J. , 'Institutional individualism ' (1975 ) 26 The British Journal of Sociology : 144 -155 .

    • Search Google Scholar

  • Andreozzi, L. (2005): Hayek Reads the Literature on the Emergence of Norms. Constitutional Political Economy 16(3): 227–247.

    Andreozzi L. , 'Hayek Reads the Literature on the Emergence of Norms ' (2005 ) 16 Constitutional Political Economy : 227 -247 .

    • Search Google Scholar

  • Angner, E. (2001): Did Hayek Commit the Naturalistic Fallacy? Paper presented at the 2001 Summer Institute for the Preservation of the Study of History of Economics in Economics at George Mason University.

    Angner E. , '', in Did Hayek Commit the Naturalistic Fallacy , (2001 ) -.

  • Angner, E. (2002): The history of Hayek’s theory of cultural evolution. Studies in History and Philosophy of Biological and Biomedical Sciences 33(4): 695–718.

    Angner E. , 'The history of Hayek’s theory of cultural evolution ' (2002 ) 33 Studies in History and Philosophy of Biological and Biomedical Sciences : 695 -718 .

    • Search Google Scholar

  • Beaulier, S. A. — Prychitko, D. L. (2006): Disagreement over the emergence of private property rights: alternative meanings, alternative explanations. Review of Austrian Economics 19(1): 47–68.

    Prychitko D. L. , 'Disagreement over the emergence of private property rights: alternative meanings, alternative explanations ' (2006 ) 19 Review of Austrian Economics : 47 -68 .

    • Search Google Scholar

  • Berger, J. — Offe, C. (1982): Functionalism vs. Rational Choice? Some Questions concerning the Rationality of Choosing One or the Other. Theory and Society 11(4): 521–526.

    Offe C. , 'Functionalism vs. Rational Choice? Some Questions concerning the Rationality of Choosing One or the Other ' (1982 ) 11 Theory and Society : 521 -526 .

    • Search Google Scholar

  • Bianchi, M. (1994): Hayek’s Spontaneous Order: The ‘Correct’ Versus the ‘Corrigible’ Society. In: Birner, J. and van Zijp, R. (eds.): Hayek, Co-Ordination and Evolution. His Legacy in Philosophy, Politics, Economics and the History of Ideas. London and New York: Routledge, 232–254.

    Bianchi M. , '', in Hayek, Co-Ordination and Evolution. His Legacy in Philosophy, Politics, Economics and the History of Ideas , (1994 ) -.

  • Caldwell, B. (2001): Hodgson on Hayek: A Critique. Cambridge Journal of Economics 25(4): 539–553.

    Caldwell B. , 'Hodgson on Hayek: A Critique ' (2001 ) 25 Cambridge Journal of Economics : 539 -553 .

    • Search Google Scholar

  • Caldwell, B. (2004): Hayek’s Challenge: An Intellectual Biography of F.A. Hayek. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

    Caldwell B. , '', in Hayek’s Challenge: An Intellectual Biography of F.A. Hayek , (2004 ) -.

  • Davis, J. B. (1989): Smith’s Invisible Hand and Hegel’s Cunning of Reason. International Journal of Social Economics 16(6): 50–66.

    Davis J. B. , 'Smith’s Invisible Hand and Hegel’s Cunning of Reason ' (1989 ) 16 International Journal of Social Economics : 50 -66 .

    • Search Google Scholar

  • Denis, A. M. P. (2001): Collective and Individual Rationality: Some Episodes in the History of Economic Thought. PhD thesis, City University, London, Department of Economics, School of Social and Human Sciences.

    Denis A. M. P. , '', in Collective and Individual Rationality: Some Episodes in the History of Economic Thought , (2001 ) -.

  • Denis, A. (2002): Was Hayek a Panglossian Evolutionary Theorist? A Reply to Whitman. Constitutional Political Economy 13(3): 275–285.

    Denis A. , 'Was Hayek a Panglossian Evolutionary Theorist? A Reply to Whitman ' (2002 ) 13 Constitutional Political Economy : 275 -285 .

    • Search Google Scholar

  • Gauss, G. F. (2006): Hayek on the Evolution of Society and Mind. In: Feser, E. (ed.): The Cambridge Companion to Hayek. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 232–258.

    Gauss G. F. , '', in The Cambridge Companion to Hayek , (2006 ) -.

  • Gedeon, P. (2001): Gazdaságtan és evolúció [Economics and Evolution]. In: Pál, E. (ed.): Útközben. Tanulmányok a társadalomtudományok köréből Somlai Péter 60. születésnapjára. Budapest: Új Mandátum Könyvkiadó, 228–243.

    Gedeon P. , '', in Útközben. Tanulmányok a társadalomtudományok köréből Somlai Péter 60. születésnapjára , (2001 ) -.

  • Gedeon, P. (2004): Marx és Menger a pénz evolúciójáról [Marx and Menger on the evolution of money]. Társadalom és gazdaság 26(1): 57–70.

    Gedeon P. , 'Marx és Menger a pénz evolúciójáról ' (2004 ) 26 Társadalom és gazdaság : 57 -70 .

    • Search Google Scholar

  • Gray, J. (1984): Hayek on Liberty. Oxford: Blackwell.

    Gray J. , '', in Hayek on Liberty , (1984 ) -.

  • Haller, M. (2000): Carl Menger’s Theory of Invisible-Hand Explanations. Social Science Information 39(4): 529–565.

    Haller M. , 'Carl Menger’s Theory of Invisible-Hand Explanations ' (2000 ) 39 Social Science Information : 529 -565 .

    • Search Google Scholar

  • Hayek, F. A. (1948): Individualism and economic order. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

    Hayek F. A. , '', in Individualism and economic order , (1948 ) -.

  • Hayek, F. A. (1958): Freedom, Reason, and Tradition. Ethics 68(4): 229–245.

    Hayek F. A. , 'Freedom, Reason, and Tradition ' (1958 ) 68 Ethics : 229 -245 .

  • Hayek, F. A. (1967): Studies in Philosophy, Politics and Economics. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul.

    Hayek F. A. , '', in Studies in Philosophy, Politics and Economics , (1967 ) -.

  • Hayek, F. A. (1973): Law, Legislation and Liberty, Vol. 1: Rules and Order. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul.

    Hayek F. A. , '', in Law, Legislation and Liberty, Vol. 1: Rules and Order , (1973 ) -.

  • Hayek, F. A. (1976): Law, Legislation and Liberty, Vol. 2: The Mirage of Social Justice. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul.

    Hayek F. A. , '', in Law, Legislation and Liberty, Vol. 2: The Mirage of Social Justice , (1976 ) -.

  • Hayek, F. A. (1978): New Studies in Philosophy, Politics, Economics and the History of Ideas. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul.

    Hayek F. A. , '', in New Studies in Philosophy, Politics, Economics and the History of Ideas , (1978 ) -.

  • Hayek, F. A. (1979): Law, Legislation and Liberty, Vol. 3: The Political Order of a Free People. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul.

    Hayek F. A. , '', in Law, Legislation and Liberty, Vol. 3: The Political Order of a Free People , (1979 ) -.

  • Hayek, F. A. (1984): The Origin and Effect of Our Morals: A Problem for Science. In: Nishiyama, C. — Leube, K. R. (eds.): The Essence of Hayek. Stanford: Hoover Institution Press, 318–330.

    Hayek F. A. , '', in The Essence of Hayek , (1984 ) -.

  • Heath, E. (1992): Rules, Function, and the Invisible Hand: An Interpretation of Hayek’s Social Theory. Philosophy of the Social Sciences 22 (1): 28–45.

    Heath E. , 'Rules, Function, and the Invisible Hand: An Interpretation of Hayek’s Social Theory ' (1992 ) 22 Philosophy of the Social Sciences : 28 -45 .

    • Search Google Scholar

  • Hodgson, G. M. (1993): Economics and Evolution. Bringing Life Back into Economics. Cambridge: Polity Press.

    Hodgson G. M. , '', in Economics and Evolution. Bringing Life Back into Economics , (1993 ) -.

  • Kapás, J. (2002): Piacszerű vállalat és vállalatszerű piac [Market-like firm and firm-like market]. Közgazdasági Szemle 49(4): 320–333.

    Kapás J. , 'Piacszerű vállalat és vállalatszerű piac ' (2002 ) 49 Közgazdasági Szemle : 320 -333 .

    • Search Google Scholar

  • Kapás, J. (2003): A piac mint intézmény — szélesebb perspektívában [The market as an institution — A broader perspective]. Közgazdasági Szemle 50(12): 1076–1094.

    Kapás J. , 'A piac mint intézmény — szélesebb perspektívában ' (2003 ) 50 Közgazdasági Szemle : 1076 -1094 .

    • Search Google Scholar

  • Khalil, E. L. (1996): Friedrich Hayek’s Darwinian Theory of Evolution of Institutions: Two Problems. Australian Economic Papers 35(66): 183–201.

    Khalil E. L. , 'Friedrich Hayek’s Darwinian Theory of Evolution of Institutions: Two Problems ' (1996 ) 35 Australian Economic Papers : 183 -201 .

    • Search Google Scholar

  • Madarász, A. (2005): Friedrich August von Hayek: 1899–1992. In: Bekker, Z. (ed.): Közgazdasági Nobel-díjasok 1969–2004. Budapest: KJK-Kerszöv, 151–168.

    Madarász A. , '', in Közgazdasági Nobel-díjasok 1969–2004 , (2005 ) -.

  • Madarász, A. (2014): A láthatatlan kéz — szemelvények egy metafora történetéből [The invisible hand — excerpts from the history of a metaphor]. Közgazdasági Szemle 61(7–8): 801–844.

    Madarász A. , 'A láthatatlan kéz — szemelvények egy metafora történetéből ' (2014 ) 61 Közgazdasági Szemle : 801 -844 .

    • Search Google Scholar

  • Nafissi, M. R. (2000): The Paradox of Principles: The Dialectics of Hayek’s Liberalism. Economy and Society 29(2): 207–238.

    Nafissi M. R. , 'The Paradox of Principles: The Dialectics of Hayek’s Liberalism ' (2000 ) 29 Economy and Society : 207 -238 .

    • Search Google Scholar

  • O’Brien, D. P. (1994): Hayek as an Intellectual Historian. In: Birner, J. — van Zijp, R. (eds.): Hayek, Coordination and Evolution. London: Routledge, 343–374.

    O’Brien D. P. , '', in Hayek, Coordination and Evolution , (1994 ) -.

  • Olson, M. (1971): The Logic of Collective Action: Public Goods and the Theory of Groups. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press.

    Olson M. , '', in The Logic of Collective Action: Public Goods and the Theory of Groups , (1971 ) -.

  • Orthmayr, I. (2002): Polányi Mihály és a társadalmi evolúció elmélete [Mihály Polányi and the theory of social evolution]. Polanyiana, 1–2: 89–115.

    Orthmayr I. , 'Polányi Mihály és a társadalmi evolúció elmélete ' (2002 ) 1–2 Polanyiana : 89 -115 .

    • Search Google Scholar

  • Orthmayr, I. (2004): A társadalmi normák döntéselméleti és evolúciós magyarázata [A decision theory and evolutional explanation of social norms]. Szociológiai Szemle 14(3): 3–22.

    Orthmayr I. , 'A társadalmi normák döntéselméleti és evolúciós magyarázata ' (2004 ) 14 Szociológiai Szemle : 3 -22 .

    • Search Google Scholar

  • Petsoulas, C. (2001): Hayek’s Liberalism and its Origins. His Idea of Spontaneous Order and the Scottish Enlightenment. London: Routledge.

    Petsoulas C. , '', in Hayek’s Liberalism and its Origins. His Idea of Spontaneous Order and the Scottish Enlightenment , (2001 ) -.

  • Radnitzky, G. (1999): An Economic Theory of the Rise of Civilization and Its Policy Implications: Hayek’s Account Generalized. In: Boettke, P. J. — Farrant, A. — Ransom, G. — Salgado, G. (eds.): The Legacy of Friedrich von Hayek. Volume I: Politics. Cheltenham, UK: Edward Elgar, 477–519.

    Radnitzky G. , '', in The Legacy of Friedrich von Hayek. Volume I: Politics , (1999 ) -.

  • Rowland, B. M. (1988): Beyond Hayek’s Pessimism: Reason, Tradition and Bounded Constructivist Rationalism. British Journal of Political Science 18(2): 221–241.

    Rowland B. M. , 'Beyond Hayek’s Pessimism: Reason, Tradition and Bounded Constructivist Rationalism ' (1988 ) 18 British Journal of Political Science : 221 -241 .

    • Search Google Scholar

  • Schubert, C. (2004): Hayek and the Evolution of Designed Institutions: a Critical Assessment. Papers on Economics and Evolution No. 0411, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Economics Group, MPI Jena.

    Schubert C. , '', in Hayek and the Evolution of Designed Institutions: a Critical Assessment , (2004 ) -.

  • Sugden, R. (1989): Spontaneous Order. The Journal of Economic Perspectives 3(4): 85–97.

    Sugden R. , 'Spontaneous Order ' (1989 ) 3 The Journal of Economic Perspectives : 85 -97 .

    • Search Google Scholar

  • Ullmann-Margalit, E. (1997): The Invisible Hand and the Cunning of Reason. Social Research 64(2): 181–197.

    Ullmann-Margalit E. , 'The Invisible Hand and the Cunning of Reason ' (1997 ) 64 Social Research : 181 -197 .

    • Search Google Scholar

  • Ullmann-Margalit, E. (1978): Invisible-Hand Explanations. Synthese 39(2): 263–291.

    Ullmann-Margalit E. , 'Invisible-Hand Explanations ' (1978 ) 39 Synthese : 263 -291 .

  • Van Den Hauwe, L. (1998): Evolution and the Production of Rules. Some Preliminary Remarks. European Journal of Law and Economics 5(1): 81–117.

    Hauwe L. , 'Evolution and the Production of Rules. Some Preliminary Remarks ' (1998 ) 5 European Journal of Law and Economics : 81 -117 .

    • Search Google Scholar

  • Vanberg, V. J. (1994): Spontaneous Market Order and Social Rules. A Critical Examination of F. A. Hayek’s Theory of Cultural Evolution. In: Vanberg, V. J.: Rules and Choice in Economics. London: Routledge, 77–94.

    Vanberg V. J. , '', in Rules and Choice in Economics , (1994 ) -.

  • Vanberg, V. J. (2001): The Constitution of Markets. Essays in Political Economy. London: Routledge.

    Vanberg V. J. , '', in The Constitution of Markets. Essays in Political Economy , (2001 ) -.

  • Vanberg, V. J. (2014): Darwinian Paradigm, Cultural Evolution and Human Purposes: On F.A. Hayek’s Evolutionary View of the Market. Journal of Evolutionary Economics 24(1): 35–57.

    Vanberg V. J. , 'Darwinian Paradigm, Cultural Evolution and Human Purposes: On F.A. Hayek’s Evolutionary View of the Market ' (2014 ) 24 Journal of Evolutionary Economics : 35 -57 .

    • Search Google Scholar

  • Vanberg, V.J. — Buchanan J. M. (1988): Rational Choice and Moral Order. Analyse und Kritik 10(2): 138–160.

    Buchanan J. M. , 'Rational Choice and Moral Order ' (1988 ) 10 Analyse und Kritik : 138 -160 .

    • Search Google Scholar

  • Vaughn, K. I. (1999): The Constitution of Liberty from an Evolutionary Perspective. In: Boettke, P. J. — Farrant, A. — Ransom, G. — Salgado, G. (eds.): The Legacy of Friedrich von Hayek.Volume I: Politics. Cheltenham, UK: Edward Elgar, 537–560.

    Vaughn K. I. , '', in The Legacy of Friedrich von Hayek.Volume I: Politics , (1999 ) -.

  • Vromen, J. J. (1995): Economic Evolution. An Enquiry into the Foundations of New Institutional Economics. London: Routledge.

    Vromen J. J. , '', in Economic Evolution. An Enquiry into the Foundations of New Institutional Economics , (1995 ) -.

  • Witt, U. (1994): The Theory Of Societal Evolution: Hayek’s Unfinished Legacy. In: Birner, J. — van Zijp, R. (eds.): Hayek, Co-ordination and Evolution. His Legacy in Philosophy, Politics, Economics and the History of Ideas. London: Routledge, 178–189.

    Witt U. , '', in Hayek, Co-ordination and Evolution. His Legacy in Philosophy, Politics, Economics and the History of Ideas , (1994 ) -.
  • Collapse
  • Expand
Cover Society and Economy
Society and Economy
Print ISSN:
1588-9726
Online ISSN:
1588-970X
The author instruction is available in PDF.
Please, download the file from HERE.
 
The Open Access statement together with the description of the Copyright and License Policy are available in PDF.
Please, download the file from HERE.

Editor-in-chief: Balázs SZENT-IVÁNYI

Co-Editors:

  • Péter MARTON (Corvinus University, Budapest)
  • István KÓNYA (Corvinus University, Budapest)
  • László SAJTOS (The University of Auckland)
  • Gábor VIRÁG (University of Toronto)

Associate Editors:

  • Tamás BOKOR (Corvinus University, Budapest)
  • Sándor BOZÓKI (Corvinus University Budapest)
  • Bronwyn HOWELL (Victoria University of Wellington)
  • Hintea CALIN (Babeş-Bolyai University)
  • Christian EWERHART (University of Zürich)
  • Clemens PUPPE (Karlsruhe Institute of Technology)
  • Zsolt DARVAS (Bruegel)
  • Szabina FODOR (Corvinus University Budapest)
  • Sándor GALLAI (Corvinus University Budapest)
  • László GULÁCSI (Óbuda University)
  • Dóra GYŐRFFY (Corvinus University Budapest)
  • György HAJNAL (Corvinus University Budapest)
  • Krisztina KOLOS (Corvinus University Budapest)
  • Alexandra KÖVES (Corvinus University Budapest)
  • Lacina LUBOR (Mendel University in Brno)
  • Péter MEDVEGYEV (Corvinus University Budapest)
  • Miroslava RAJČÁNIOVÁ (Slovak University of Agriculture)
  • Ariel MITEV (Corvinus University Budapest)
  • Éva PERPÉK (Corvinus University Budapest)
  • Petrus H. POTGIETER (University of South Africa)
  • Sergei IZMALKOV (MIT Economics)
  • Anita SZŰCS (Corvinus University Budapest)
  • László TRAUTMANN (Corvinus University Budapest)
  • Trenton G. SMITH (University of Otago)
  • György WALTER (Corvinus University Budapest)
  • Zoltán CSEDŐ (Corvinus University Budapest)
  • Zoltán LŐRINCZI (Ministry of Human Capacities)

Society and Economy
Institute: Corvinus University of Budapest
Address: Fővám tér 8. H-1093 Budapest, Hungary
Phone: (36 1) 482 5406
E-mail: balazs.szentivanyi@uni-corvinus.hu

Indexing and Abstracting Services:

  • CABELLS Journalytics
  • DOAJ
  • International Bibliographies IBZ and IBR
  • International Political Science Abstracts
  • JSTOR
  • SCOPUS
  • RePEc
  • Referativnyi Zhurnal

 

2021  
Web of Science  
Total Cites
WoS		 not indexed
Journal Impact Factor not indexed
Rank by Impact Factor

not indexed
Impact Factor
without
Journal Self Cites		 not indexed
5 Year
Impact Factor		 not indexed
Journal Citation Indicator not indexed
Rank by Journal Citation Indicator

not indexed
Scimago  
Scimago
H-index		 13
Scimago
Journal Rank		 0,196
Scimago Quartile Score Economics, Econometrics and Finance (miscellaneous) (Q3)
Industrial Relations (Q3)
Sociology and Political Science (Q3)
Business and International Management (Q4)
Public Administration (Q4)
Strategy and Management (Q4)
Scopus  
Scopus
Cite Score		 1,2
Scopus
CIte Score Rank		 Sociology and Political Science 626/1345 (Q2)
General Economics, Econometrics and Finance 131/260 (Q3)
Industrial Relations 35/57 (Q3)
Public Administration 120/190 (Q3)
Business and International Management 292/423 (Q3)
Strategy and Management 340/456 (Q3)
Scopus
SNIP		 0,270

2020  
Scimago
H-index		 11
Scimago
Journal Rank		 0,157
Scimago
Quartile Score		 Business and International Management Q4
Economics, Econometrics and Finance (miscellaneous) Q4
Industrial Relations Q4
Public Administration Q4
Sociology and Political Science Q3
Strategy and Management Q4
Scopus
Cite Score		 103/117=0,9
Scopus
Cite Score Rank		 Business and International Management 305/399 (Q4)
General Economics, Econometrics and Finance 137/243 (Q3)
Industrial Relations 40/54 (Q3)
Public Administration 116/165 (Q3)
Sociology and Political Science 665/1269 (Q3)
Strategy and Management 351/440 (Q4)
Scopus
SNIP		 0,171
Scopus
Cites		 157
Scopus
Documents		 24
Days from submission to acceptance 148
Days from acceptance to publication 50

 

2019  
Scimago
H-index		 10
Scimago
Journal Rank		 0,228
Scimago
Quartile Score		 Business and International Management Q3
Economics, Econometrics and Finance (miscellaneous) Q3
Industrial Relations Q3
Public Administration Q3
Sociology and Political Science Q3
Strategy and Management Q3
Scopus
Cite Score		 87/110=0,8
Scopus
Cite Score Rank		 Business and International Management 286/394 (Q3)
General Economics, Econometrics and Finance 125/228 (Q3)
Industrial Relations 38/58 (Q3)
Public Administration 114/157 (Q3)
Sociology and Political Science 645/1243 (Q3)
Strategy and Management 330/427 (Q4)
Scopus
SNIP		 0,308
Scopus
Cites		 132
Scopus
Documents		 22

 

Society and Economy
Publication Model Gold Open Access
Submission Fee none
Article Processing Charge 900 EUR/article with enough waivers
Regional discounts on country of the funding agency World Bank Lower-middle-income economies: 50%
World Bank Low-income economies: 100%
Further Discounts Sufficient number of full waiver available. Editorial Board / Advisory Board members: 50%
Corresponding authors, affiliated to an EISZ member institution subscribing to the journal package of Akadémiai Kiadó: 100%
Subscription Information Gold Open Access

Society and Economy
Language English
Size B5
Year of
Foundation		 1972
Volumes
per Year		 1
Issues
per Year		 4
Founder Budapesti Corvinus Egyetem
Founder's
Address		 H-1093 Budapest, Hungary Fővám tér 8.
Publisher Akadémiai Kiadó
Publisher's
Address		 H-1117 Budapest, Hungary 1516 Budapest, PO Box 245.
Responsible
Publisher		 Chief Executive Officer, Akadémiai Kiadó
ISSN 1588-9726 (Print)
ISSN 1588-970X (Online)

Monthly Content Usage

Abstract Views Full Text Views PDF Downloads
Oct 2022 3 0 0
Nov 2022 5 0 0
Dec 2022 13 0 0
Jan 2023 7 0 0
Feb 2023 4 0 0
Mar 2023 12 0 0
Apr 2023 0 0 0