Transformation processes in Central and Eastern Europe and deep economic reforms in China and other emerging countries did not end the variety of economic systems. Various brands of comparative economics have shown this variety in both theory and different countries. An increasingly important form of this variety concerns the process of European integration. Systemic differences within the European Union are the source of difficulties and tensions, of a European conundrum that appears in different forms and ways and that make the sustainability and progress of integration difficult. This article looks at the logic of and proposals by the “New Comparative Economics” and the “Variety of Capitalisms” literature to find an explanation to the problems and difficulties that the European integration is meeting, going beyond the standard technical explanations based on European convergence criteria. It finds that both theories, although important and useful for contributing to solving the European conundrum, do not account sufficiently for the novelty and the complexity of European integration.
Acemoglu, D. – Robinson, J. A. (2012): Why Nations Fail: the Origins of Power, Prosperity and Poverty. New York: Crown Publishers.
Ahrens, J. – Schweickert, R. – Zenker, J. (2015): Varieties of Capitalism and Government Spending in Developed and Developing Countries. Journal of Economic Development 40(1): 113–135.
Alesina, A. – Ardagna, S. (1998): Tales of Fiscal Adjustment. Economic Policy 13(27): 488–545.
Alesina, A. – Ardagna, S. (2009): Large Changes in Fiscal Policy: Taxes Versus Spending. NBER Working Paper No. 15438.
Allen, M. M. C. (2013): Comparative Capitalisms and the Institutional Embeddedness of Innovative Capabilities. Socio-Economic Review 11: 771–794.
Amable, B. (2003): The Diversity of Modern Capitalism. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Amable, B. (2016): Institutional Complementarities in the Dynamic Comparative Analysis of Capitalism. Journal of Institutional Economics 12(1): 79–103.
Amable, B. – Azizi, K. (2015): Counter-Cyclical Budget Policy Across Varieties of Capitalism. Structural Change and Economic Dynamics 30(Sept.): 1–9.
Aoki, M. (2001): Toward a Comparative Institutional Analysis. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
Aoki, M. – Kuran, T. – Roland, G. eds (2012): Institutions and Comparative Economic Development. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.
Baumol, W. J. – Litan, R. E. – Schramm, C. J. (2007): Good Capitalism, Bad Capitalism, and the Economics of Growth and Prosperity. New Haven & London: Yale University Press.
Becker, J. – Jäger, J. (2012): Integration in Crisis: A Regulationist Perspective on the Interaction of European Varieties of Capitalism. Competition and Change 16(3): 169–87.
Boschma, R. – Capone, G. (2015): Institutions and Diversification: Related versus Unrelated Diversification in a Varieties of Capitalism Framework. Research Policy 44: 1902–1914.
Bouis, R. – Christensen, A. K. – Cournède, B. (2013): Deleveraging: Challenges, Progress and Policies. OECD Economics Department Working Papers No. 1077.
Brada, J. C. (2009): The New Comparative Economics versus the Old: Less Is More but Is It Enough? The European Journal of Comparative Economics 6(1): 3–15.
Chilosi, A. (2012): Stakeholder Protection, Varieties of Capitalism, and Long-Term Unemployment. The European Journal of Comparative Economics 9(2): 197–228.
Dallago, B. (1996a): Between Spontaneity and Economic Engineering: Path Dependence in the Process of Economic Transition. In: Economic Developments and Reforms in Cooperation Partner Countries: The Social and Human Dimension, Brussels: NATO, pp. 73–86
Dallago, B. (1996b): Investment, Systemic Efficiency and Distribution. Kyklos 49(4): 615–641.
Dallago, B. (2004): Comparative Economic Systems and the New Comparative Economics. The European Journal of Comparative Economics 1(1): 59–86.
Dallago, B. (2016): One Currency, Two Europes. Towards a Dual Eurozone. Singapore and London: World Scientific Publishing.
Davis, S. J. – Haltiwanger, J. (2014): Labor Market Fluidity and Economic Performance. NBER Working Paper No. 20479.
Delgado, M. – Ketels, C. – Porter, M. E. – Stern, S. (2012): The Determinants of National Competitiveness. NBER Working Paper No. 18249.
Dietl, H. M. (1998): Capital Markets and Corporate Governance in Japan, Germany and the United States: Organizational Response to Market Inefficiencies. Abingdon: Routledge.
Djankov, S. – Glaeser, E. – La Porta, R. – Lopez-de-Silanes, F. – Shleifer, A. (2003): The New Comparative Economics. Journal of Comparative Economics 31(4): 595–619.
Dølvik, J. E. – Martin, A. eds (2015): European Social Models from Crisis to Crisis. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
EBA (2014): Results of 2014 EU-Wide Stress Test: Aggregate Results. European Banking Authority, 26 October.
EC (2014): Member State Vulnerability to Changes in the Euro Exchange Rate. Quarterly Report on the Euro Area 13(3): 27–33.
EC (2015): European Economic Forecast. European Economy, Winter 2015. Brussels: European Commission.
ECB (2014): Guide to Banking Supervision. https://www.bankingsupervision.europa.eu/ecb/pub/pdf/ssmguidebankingsupervision201411.en.pdf?404fd6cb61dbde0095c8722d5aff29cd, accessed 5 July 2017.
Fukuyama, F. (1992): The End of History and the Last Man. New York: Free Press
Giavazzi, F. – Pagano, M. (1990): Can Severe Fiscal Contractions Be Expansionary? Tales of Two Small European Countries. NBER Macroeconomics Annual 5: 75–111.
Glaeser, E. L. – Shleifer, A. (2003): The Rise of the Regulatory State. Journal of Economic Literature 41: 401–425.
Goergen, M. – Brewster, C. – Wood, G. – Wilkinson, A. (2012): Varieties of Capitalism and Investments in Human Capital. Industrial Relations 51(S1): 501–527.
Grossman, G. (1967): Economic Systems. Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall.
Hall, P. A. – Soskice, D. W. eds (2001): Varieties of Capitalism. The Institutional Foundations of Comparative Advantage. Oxford: Oxford University Press
Hall, P. A. – Thelen, K. (2009): Institutional Change in Varieties of Capitalism. Socio-Economic Review 7: 7–34.
Hall, R. E. – Jones, C. I. (1999): Why do Some Countries Produce So Much More Output per Worker than Others? Quarterly Journal of Economics 114(1): 83–116.
Hámori, B. (2000): Reformszocialista kísérletek. Piaci szocializmus, avagy a reformok korlátai [Reform Communist Experiments. Market Socialism or the Boundaries of Reform]. In: Bara, Z. – Szabó, K. (eds): Gazdasági rendszerek, országok, intézmények. Bevezetés az összehasonlító gazdaságtanba. Budapest: Aula, pp. 269–326.
Hámori, B. – Szabó, K. (2016): Reinventing Innovation. In: Rosta, M. – Hámori, B. (eds): Constraints and Driving Forces in Economic Systems: Studies in Honour of János Kornai. Newcastle upon Tyne: Cambridge Scholars Publishing, pp. 51–76.
Hassel, A. (2014): Adjustments in the Eurozone: Varieties of Capitalism and the Crisis in Southern Europe. LSE ‘Europe in Question’ Discussion Paper Series No. 76/2014.
Hedlund, S. (2005): Russian Path Dependence. A People with a Troubled History. Abingdon, Oxfordshire: Routledge
Johnston, A. – Regan, A. (2016): European Monetary Integration and the Incompatibility of National Varieties of Capitalism. Journal of Common Market Studies 54(2): 318–336.
Kahanec, M. (2012): Labor Mobility in an Enlarged European Union. IZA Discussion Paper No. 6485.
Kapás, J. (2013): Institutional and Developmental Paths Differences among Developed Countries: The Varieties of Capitalism. A Literature Review. In: Makó, C. – Polónyi, I. – Szanyi, M. (eds): Organisational Innovation and Knowledge Development: Institutions, Methodological Foundations and Empirical Evidences. Budapest: Új Mandátum Könyvkiadó, pp. 18–44.
Kornai, J. (1980): Economics of Shortage, Vol. A-B. Amsterdam: North-Holland.
Kornai, J. (1990): The Road to a Free Economy. Shifting from a Socialist System: The Example of Hungary. New York: W. W. Norton.
Kornai, J. (1992): The Socialist System: The Political Economy of Communism. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
Lavigne, M. (1999): The Economics of Transition. From Socialist Economy to Market Economy. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.
Mamolo, M. – Scherbov, S. (2009): Population Projections for Forty-Four European Countries: The Ongoing Population Ageing. European Demographic Research Papers 2/2009.
Molina, Ó. – Rhodes, M. (2007): The Political Economy of Adjustment in Mixed Market Economies: A Study of Spain and Italy. In: Hancké, B. – Rhodes, M. – Thatcher, M. (eds): Beyond Varieties of Capitalism: Conflict, Contradictions and Complementarities in the European Economy. Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp. 223–251.
Morgan, G. – Whitley, R. eds (2012): Capitalisms and Capitalism in the Twenty-First Century. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Nölke, A. (2016): Economic Causes of the Eurozone Crisis: The Analytical Contribution of Comparative Capitalism. Socio-Economic Review 14(1): 141–161.
Piattoni, S. (2016): The European Crisis: Testing the Trust Foundations of an Economic and Monetary Union. In: Dallago, B. – Guri, G. – McGowan, J. (eds): A Global Perspective on the European Economic Crisis. Abingdon, Oxfordshire: Routledge
Rajan, R. G. (2010): Fault Lines: How Hidden Fractures Still Threaten the World Economy. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
Rocholl, J. – Stahmer, A. (2016): Where did the Greek Bailout Money Go? ESMT White Paper No. WP–16–02.
Rodrik, D. (2007): One Economics, Many Recipes: Globalization, Institutions, and Economic Growth. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
Rodrik, D. (2011): The Globalization Paradox: Democracy and the Future of the World Economy. New York and London: W. W. Norton.
Rosefielde, S. (2005): Russia: An Abnormal Country. The European Journal of Comparative Economics 2(1): 3–16.
Rousseau, P. L. – Sylla, R. (2003): Financial Systems, Economic Growth, and Globalization. In: Bordo, M. D. – Taylor, A. M. – Williamson, J. G. (eds): Globalization in Historical Perspective. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, pp. 373–416.
Schneider, M. R. – Paunescu, M. (2012): Changing Varieties of Capitalism and Revealed Comparative Advantages from 1990 to 2005: a test of the Hall and Soskice claims. Socio-Economic Review 10: 731–753.
Shleifer, A. (2002): The New Comparative Economics. NBER Reporter, Fall, 12–15
Simonazzi, A. – Ginzburg, A. – Celi, G. – Guarascio, D. (2016): Crisis in the European Monetary Union. A Core-Periphery Perspective. Abingdon: Routledge.
Soskice, D. – Iversen, T. (2001): Multiple Wage Bargaining Systems in the Single European Currency Area. Empirica 28(4): 435–456.
Stark, D. (1996): Recombinant Property in East European Capitalism. American Journal of Sociology 101(4): 993–1027.
Stiglitz, J. E. (2012): Price of Inequality. New York: W.W. Norton & Company.
Stiglitz, J. E. (2016): The Euro and Its Threat to the Future of Europe. New York and London: W. W. Norton & Company and Allen Lane
Tabellini, G. (2010): Culture and Institutions: Economic Development in the Regions of Europe. Journal of the European Economic Association 8(4): 677–716.
Tachibanaki, T. (2005): Confronting Income Inequality in Japan: A Comparative Analysis of Causes, Consequences, and Reform. Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press.
Temin, P. (2015): The Cambridge History of “Capitalism.” Journal of Economic Literature 53(4): 996–1016.
Tridico, P. (2011): Varieties of Capitalism and Responses to the Financial Crisis: The European Social Model versus the US Model. University of Roma Tre, Department of Economics Working Paper No. 129.
Tsuru, K. (2000): Finance and Growth: Some Theoretical Considerations, and a Review of the Empirical Literature. OECD Economics Department Working Papers No. 228.
Villeroy de Galhau, F. – Weidmann, J. (2016): Europa braucht mehr Investitionen [Europe needs more investment]. Süddeutsche Zeitung, 8 February.
Walker, J. T., – Brewster, C. – Wood, G. (2014): Diversity between and within Varieties of Capitalism: Transnational Survey Evidence. Industrial and Corporate Change 23(2): 493–533.
WEF (2014): The Global Competitiveness Report 2014–2015. Geneva: World Economic Forum.
WEF-EU (2014): The Europe 2020 Competitiveness Report: Building a More Competitive Europe. Geneva: World Economic Forum
Williamson, O. E. (1975): Markets and Hierarchies, Analysis and Antitrust Implications: A Study in the Economics of Internal Organization. New York: Free Press.
Williamson, O. E. (1985): The Economic Institutions of Capitalism: Firms, Markets, Relational Contracting. New York: Free Press.