Authors:
S Madhavadas Department of Neurochemistry, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bangalore, India

Search for other papers by S Madhavadas in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Close
,
S Subramanian Department of Neurochemistry, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bangalore, India

Search for other papers by S Subramanian in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Close
, and
BM Kutty Department of Neurophysiology, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bangalore, India

Search for other papers by BM Kutty in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Close
Restricted access

Exposure to enriched environment (EE) is known to promote sensory, cognitive, and motor stimulation with intensified levels of novelty and complexity. In this study, we investigated the positive regulatory effect of short-term exposure to EE on establishing functional recovery in monosodium glutamate (MSG)-induced obese rats. Unless treated, MSG rats exhibited peripheral insulin resistance, cognitive deficits, and a reduction in the total hippocampal volume with decreased neuron count in the DG, CA3, and CA1 subfields. These MSG rats were exposed to short-term EE for 15 days for a period of 6 h/day, beginning either at 45 or at 75 days of age. EE exposure has improved insulin sensitivity, yielded a significant increase in total hippocampal volume along with increase in neuron number in the CA1 subfield of the hippocampus in both age groups. However, as assessed by radial arm maze task, which relies upon the positive reinforcement to test spatial memory, and the Barnes maze task, which utilizes an aversive learning strategy, a complete recovery of cognitive function could be achieved in 2-month-old rats only and not among 3-month-old rats, thus highlighting the importance of critical window period for EE interventions in restoring the memory functions. These results suggest the therapeutic potential of EE paradigm in prevention of cognitive disorders.

  • 1.

    Aimone JB , Wiles J , Gage FH : Potential role for adult neurogenesis in the encoding of time in new memories. Nat. Neurosci. 9, 723727 (2006)

  • 2.

    Ali AE , Wilson YM , Murphy M : A single exposure to an enriched environment stimulates the activation of discrete neuronal populations in the brain of the fos-tau lacZ and voluntary exercise massively increase neurogenesis in the adult hippocampus via dissociable pathways. Hippocampus 16, 250260 (2009)

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 3.

    Amaral DG , Dolorfo C , Alvarez-Royo P : Organization of CAl projections to the subiculum: a PHA-L analysis in the rat. Hippocampus 1, 415436 (1991)

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 4.

    Andre C , Dinel AL , Ferreira G , Laye S , Castanon N : Diet-induced obesity progressively alters cognition, anxiety-like behavior and lipopolysaccharide-induced depressive-like behavior: focus on brain indoleamine 2, 3-dioxygenase activation. Brain Behav. Immunol. 41, 1021 (2014)

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 5.

    Apostolatos A , Song S , Acosta S , Peart M , Watson JE , Bickford P , Cooper DR , Patel NA : Insulin promotes neuronal survival via the alternatively spliced protein kinase C δII isoform. J. Biol. Chem. 287, 92999310 (2012)

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 6.

    Bindu B , Rekha J , Kutty BM : Post insult enriched housing improves the 8-arm radial maze performance but not the Morris water maze task in ventral subicular lesioned rats. Brain Res. 1063, 121131 (2005)

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 7.

    Boitard C , Cavaroc A , Sauvant J , Aubert A , Castanon N , Laye S , Ferriera G : Impairment of hippocampal-dependent memory induced by juvenile high-fat diet in take is associated with enhanced hippocampal inflammation in rats. Brain Behav. Immunol. 40, 917 (2014)

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 8.

    Bonda DJ , Stone JG , Torres SL , Siedlak SL , Perry G , Kryscio R , Jicha G , Casadesus G , Smith MA , Zhu X , Lee H : Dysregulation of leptin signalling in Alzheimer disease: evidence for neuronal leptin resistance. J. Neurochem. 128, 162172 (2014)

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 9.

    Bouter Y , Dietrich K , Wittnam JL , Rezaei-Ghaleh N , Pillot T , Papot-Couturier S , Lefebvre T , Sprenger F , Wirths O , Zweckstetter M , Bayer TAP : N-truncated amyloid β (Aβ) 4-42 forms stable aggregates and induces acute and long-lasting behavioral deficits. Acta Neuropathol. 126, 189205 (2013)

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 10.

    Brotons-Mas JR , O’Mara S , Sanchez-Vives MV : Neural processing of spatial information: what we know about place cells and what they can tell us about presence. Presence 15, 485499 (2006)

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 11.

    Buschler A , Goh JJ , Manahan-Vaughan D : Frequency-dependency of NMDA receptor-dependent synaptic plasticity in the hippocampal CA1 region of freely behaving mice. Hippocampus 22, 22382248 (2012)

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 12.

    Costa DA , Cracchiolo JR , Bachstetter AD , Hughes TF , Bales KR , Paul SM , Mervis RS , Arendash GW , Potter H : Enrichment improves cognition in AD mice by amyloid-related and unrelated mechanisms. Neurobiol. Aging 28, 831844 (2007)

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 13.

    Dahl AK , Hassing LB , Fransson EI , Gatz M , Reynolds CA , Pedersen NL : Body mass index across mid-life and cognitive change in late life. Int. J. Obesity 37, 296302 (2013)

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 14.

    Dawson R , Pelleymounter MA , Millard WJ , Liu S , Eppler B : Attenuation of leptin-mediated effects by monosodium glutamate-induced arcuate nucleus damage. Am. J. Physiol. Endocrinol. Metab. 273, E202E206 (1997)

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 15.

    Eichenbaum H , Stewart C , Morris RG : Hippocampal representation in place learning. J. Neurosci. 10, 35313542 (1990)

  • 16.

    Einon DF , Morgan MJ , Will BE : Effects of post-operative environment on recovery from dorsal hippocampal lesions in young rats: tests of spatial memory and motor transfer. J. Exp. Psychol. 32, 137148 (1980)

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 17.

    Ellman GL , Courtney KD , Andres V , Featherstone RM : A new and rapid colorimetric determination of acetylcholinesterase activity. Biochemical Pharmacol. 7, 8895 (1961)

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 18.

    Gehres SW , Rocha A , Leuzy A , Loss CM , Viola GG , Zimmer ER : Cognitive intervention as an early pharmacological strategy in Alzheimer’s disease: a translational perspective. Front. Aging Neurosci. 8, 260 (2016)

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 19.

    Gomez-Isla T , Price JL , McKeel DW Jr , Morris JC , Growdon JH , Hyman BT : Profound loss of layer II entorhinal cortex neurons occurs in very mild Alzheimer’s disease. J. Neurosci. 16, 44914500 (1996)

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 20.

    Gundersen HJ : Stereology of arbitrary particles. A review of unbiased number and size estimators and the presentation of some new ones, in memory of William R. Thompson. J. Microscopy 143, 345 (1986)

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 21.

    Handelmann GE , Olton DS : Spatial memory following damage to hippocampal CA3 pyramidal cells with kainic acid: impairment and recovery with preoperative training. Brain Res. 217, 4158 (1981)

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 22.

    Hensch TK , Bilimoria PM : Re-opening windows: manipulating critical periods for brain development. Cerebrum 11, 118 (2012)

  • 23.

    Hlinak Z , Gandalovicova D , Krejci I : Behavioral deficits in adult rats treated neonatally with glutamate. Neurotoxicol. Teratol. 27, 465473 (2005)

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 24.

    Horvath G , Reglodi D , Vadasz Gy , Farkas J , Kiss P : Exposure to enriched environment decreases neurobehavioural deficits induced by neonatal glutamate toxicity. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 14, 1905419066 (2013)

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 25.

    Hu YS , Xu P , Pigino G , Brady ST , Larson J , Lazarov O : Complex environment experience rescues impaired neurogenesis, enhances synaptic plasticity, and attenuates neuropathology in familial Alzheimer’s disease-linked APPswe/PS1DeltaE9 mice. FASEB J. 24, 16671681 (2010)

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 26.

    Huntley J , Bor D , Hampshire A , Owen A , Howard R : Working memory task performance and chunking in early Alzheimer’s disease. Br. J. Psychiatry 198, 398403 (2011)

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 27.

    Hwang LL , Wang CH , Li TL , Chang SD , Lin LC , Chen CP , Chen CT , Liang KC , Ho IK , Yang WS , Chiou LC : Sex differences in high-fat diet-induced obesity, metabolic alterations and learning, and synaptic plasticity deficits in mice. Obesity 18, 463469 (2010)

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 28.

    Jarrard LE : Selective hippocampal lesions and behavior: effects of kainic acid lesions on performance of place and cue tasks. Behav. Neurosci. 97, 873889 (1983)

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 29.

    Kanoski SE , Davidson TL : Western diet consumption and cognitive impairment: Links to hippocampal dysfunction and obesity. Physiol. Behav. 103, 5968 (2011)

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 30.

    Kempermann G : The neurogenic reserve hypothesis: what is adult hippocampal neurogenesis good for? Trends Neurosci. 31, 163169 (2008)

  • 31.

    Kempermann G , Gast D , Gage FH : Neuroplasticity in old age: sustained fivefold induction of hippocampal neurogenesis by long term environmental enrichment. Ann. Neurol. 52, 135143 (2002)

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 32.

    Kiss P , Hauser D , Tamas A , Lubics A , Racz B , Horvath ZS , Farkas J , Zimmermann F , Stepien A , Lengvari I , Reglodi D : Changes in open-field activity and novelty-seeking behaviour in periadolescent rats neonatally treated with monosodium glutamate. Neurotoxicity Res. 12, 8593 (2007)

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 33.

    Leger M , Bouet V , Freret T , Darmaillacq AS , Dacher M , Dauphin F , Boulouard M , Schumann-Bard P : Environmental enrichment improves recent but not remote memory in association with a modified brain metabolic activation profile in adult mice. Behav. Brain Res. 228, 2229 (2012)

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 34.

    Madhavadas S , Kapgal VK , Kutty BM , Subramanian S : The neuroprotective effect of dark chocolate in monosodium glutamate induced non-transgenic Alzheimer disease model rats: biochemical, behavioral and histological Studies. J. Dietary Suppl. 13, 449460 (2016)

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 35.

    Madhavadas S , Kutty BM , Subramanian S : Amyloid beta lowering and cognition enhancing effects of ghrelin receptor analog [D-Lys (3)] GHRP-6 in rat model of obesity. Indian J. Biochem. Biophys. 51, 257262 (2014)

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 36.

    Madhavadas S , Subramanian S : Combination of Spirulina with glycyrrhizin prevents cognitive dysfunction in aged obese rats. Indian J. Pharmacol. 47, 3944 (2015)

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 37.

    Matyskova R , Maletinska L , Maixnerova J , Pirnik Z , Kiss A , Zelenza B : Comparison of the obesity phenotypes- related to monosodium glutamate effect on arcuate nuleus and/or the high fat diet feeding in C57BL/6 and NMRI mice. Physiol. Res. 57, 727734 (2008)

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 38.

    McQuaid RJ , Audet MC , Jacobson-Pick S , Anisman H : Environmental enrichment influences brain cytokine variations elicited by social defeat in mice. Psychoneuroendocrinology 38, 987996 (2013)

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 39.

    Mitra R , Sapolsky RM : Short-term enrichment makes male rats more attractive, more defensive and alters hypothalamic neurons. PLoS One 7, e36092 (2012)

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 40.

    Morris MJ , Tortelli CF , Filippis A , Proietto J : Reduced BAT function as a mechanism for obesity in the hypohagic, neuropeptide Y-deficient monosodium glutamate-treated rat. Regul. Pept. 75, 441447 (1998)

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 41.

    Moser MB , Moser EI , Forrest E , Andersen P , Morris RG : Spatial learning with a minislab in the dorsal hippocampus. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U S A 92, 96979701 (1995)

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 42.

    Nakazawa K , McHugh TJ , Wilson MA , Tonegawa S : NMDA receptors, place cells and hippocampal spatial memory. Nat. Rev. Neurosci. 5, 361372 (2004)

  • 43.

    Nithianantharajah J , Hannan AJ : Enriched environments, experience dependent plasticity and disorders of the nervous system. Nat. Rev. Neurosci. 7, 697709 (2006)

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 44.

    O’Keefe J , Nadel L (1978): The Hippocampus as a Cognitive Map, Oxford University Press, London

  • 45.

    Olney JW : Brain lesions, obesity, and other disturbances in mice treated with monosodium glutamate. Science 164, 719721 (1969)

  • 46.

    Olton DS , Papas BC : Spatial memory and hippocampal function. Neuropsychologia 17, 669682 (1979)

  • 47.

    Pang TY , Renoir T , Du X , Lawrence AJ , Hannan AJ : Depression-related behaviours displayed by female C57BL/6J mice during abstinence from chronic ethanol consumption are rescued by wheel-running. Eur. J. Neurosci. 37, 18031810 (2013)

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 48.

    Paxinos G , Watson C (2004): The Rat Nervous Coordinates, The New Coronal Set, Elsevier, New York.

  • 49.

    Riegert C , Galani R , Heilig S , Lazarus C , Cosquer B , Cassel JC : Electrolytic lesions of the ventral subiculum weakly alter spatial memory but potentiate amphetamine-induced locomotion. Behav. Brain Res. 152, 2334 (2004)

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 50.

    Rolls ET (1996): Roles of long term potentiation and long term depression in neuronal network operations in the brain. In: Cortical Plasticity, eds Fazeli MS, Collingridge GL, Oxford Press, Oxford, pp. 223250

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 51.

    Rovio S , Kareholt I , Helkala EL , Viitanen M , Winblad B , Tuomilehto J , Soininen H , Nissinen A , Kivipelto M : Leisure-time physical activity at midlife and the risk of dementia and Alzheimer’s disease. Lancet Neurol. 4, 705711 (2005)

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 52.

    Saari MJI , Fong S , Shivji A , Armstrong JN : Enriched housing masks deficits in place navigation induced ny neonatal monosodium glutamate. Neurotoxicol. Teratol. 12, 2932 (1990)

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 53.

    Sahay A , Scobie KN , Hill AS , O’Carroll CM , Kheirbek MA , Burghardt NS , Fenton AA , Dranovsky A , Hen R : Increasing adult hippocampal neurogenesis is sufficient to improve pattern separation. Nature 472, 466470 (2011)

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 54.

    Schuff N , Woerner N , Boreta L , Kornfield T , Shaw LM , Trojanowski JQ , Thompson PM , Jack CR Jr , Weiner MW : MRI of hippocampal volume loss in early Alzheimer’s disease in relation to ApoE genotype and biomarkers. Brain 132, 10671077 (2009)

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 55.

    Sutherland RJ , Whishaw IQ , Kolb B : Contributions of cingulated cortex to two forms of spatial learning and memory. J. Neurosci. 8, 18631872 (1988)

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 56.

    Tanti A , Westphal WP , Girault V , Brizard B , Devers S , Le Guisquet AM , Surget A , Belzung C : Region-dependent and stage-specific effects of stress, environmental enrichment and antidepressant treatment on hippocampal neurogenesis. Hippocampus 23, 797811 (2013)

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 57.

    West MJ , Coleman PD , Flood DG , Troncoso JC : Differences in the pattern of hippocampal neuronal loss in normal ageing and Alzheimer’s disease. Lancet 344, 769772 (1994)

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 58.

    Zhu Y , Liu F , Zou X , Torbey M : Comparison of unbiased estimation of neuronal number in the rat hippocampus with different staining methods. J. Neurosci. Meth. 254, 7379 (2015)

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Collapse
  • Expand

Editor-in-Chief

László ROSIVALL (Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary)

Managing Editor

Anna BERHIDI (Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary)

Co-Editors

  • Gábor SZÉNÁSI (Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary)
  • Ákos KOLLER (Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary)
  • Zsolt RADÁK (University of Physical Education, Budapest, Hungary)
  • László LÉNÁRD (University of Pécs, Hungary)
  • Zoltán UNGVÁRI (Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary)

Assistant Editors

  • Gabriella DÖRNYEI (Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary)
  • Zsuzsanna MIKLÓS (Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary)
  • György NÁDASY (Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary)

Hungarian Editorial Board

  • György BENEDEK (University of Szeged, Hungary)
  • Zoltán BENYÓ (Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary)
  • Mihály BOROS (University of Szeged, Hungary)
  • László CSERNOCH (University of Debrecen, Hungary)
  • Magdolna DANK (Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary)
  • László DÉTÁRI (Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary)
  • Zoltán GIRICZ (Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary and Pharmahungary Group, Szeged, Hungary)
  • Zoltán HANTOS (Semmelweis University, Budapest and University of Szeged, Hungary)
  • Zoltán HEROLD (Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary) 
  • László HUNYADI (Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary)
  • Gábor JANCSÓ (University of Pécs, Hungary)
  • Zoltán KARÁDI (University of Pecs, Hungary)
  • Miklós PALKOVITS (Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary)
  • Gyula PAPP (University of Szeged, Hungary)
  • Gábor PAVLIK (University of Physical Education, Budapest, Hungary)
  • András SPÄT (Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary)
  • Gyula SZABÓ (University of Szeged, Hungary)
  • Zoltán SZELÉNYI (University of Pécs, Hungary)
  • Lajos SZOLLÁR (Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary)
  • József TOLDI (MTA-SZTE Neuroscience Research Group and University of Szeged, Hungary)
  • Árpád TÓSAKI (University of Debrecen, Hungary)

International Editorial Board

  • Dragan DJURIC (University of Belgrade, Serbia)
  • Christopher H.  FRY (University of Bristol, UK)
  • Stephen E. GREENWALD (Blizard Institute, Barts and Queen Mary University of London, UK)
  • Tibor HORTOBÁGYI (University of Groningen, Netherlands)
  • George KUNOS (National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, USA)
  • Massoud MAHMOUDIAN (Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran)
  • Tadaaki MANO (Gifu University of Medical Science, Japan)
  • Luis Gabriel NAVAR (Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, USA)
  • Hitoo NISHINO (Nagoya City University, Japan)
  • Ole H. PETERSEN (Cardiff University, UK)
  • Ulrich POHL (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research and Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Planegg, Germany)
  • Andrej A. ROMANOVSKY (University of Arizona, USA)
  • Anwar Ali SIDDIQUI (Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan)
  • Csaba SZABÓ (University of Fribourg, Switzerland)
  • Eric VICAUT (Université de Paris, UMRS 942 INSERM, France)

 

Editorial Correspondence:
Physiology International
Semmelweis University
Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Translational Medicine
Nagyvárad tér 4, H-1089 Budapest, Hungary
Phone/Fax: +36-1-2100-100
E-mail: pi@semmelweis.hu

Indexing and Abstracting Services:

  • Biological Abstracts
  • BIOSIS Previews
  • CAB Abstracts
  • CABELLS Journalytics
  • EMBASE/Excerpta Medica
  • Global Health
  • Index Copernicus
  • Index Medicus
  • Medline
  • Referativnyi Zhurnal
  • SCOPUS
  • WoS - Science Citation Index Expanded

 

2023  
Web of Science  
Journal Impact Factor 2.2
Rank by Impact Factor Q3 (Physiology)
Journal Citation Indicator 0.58
Scopus  
CiteScore 3.4
CiteScore rank Q2 (Physical Therapy, Sports Therapy and Rehabilitation)
SNIP 0.508
Scimago  
SJR index 0.407
SJR Q rank Q2

Physiology International
Publication Model Hybrid
Submission Fee none
Article Processing Charge 1100 EUR/article
Printed Color Illustrations 40 EUR (or 10 000 HUF) + VAT / piece
Regional discounts on country of the funding agency World Bank Lower-middle-income economies: 50%
World Bank Low-income economies: 100%
Further Discounts Editorial Board / Advisory Board members: 50%
Corresponding authors, affiliated to an EISZ member institution subscribing to the journal package of Akadémiai Kiadó: 100%
Subscription fee 2025 Online subsscription: 752 EUR / 828 USD
Print + online subscription: 880 EUR / 968 USD
Subscription Information Online subscribers are entitled access to all back issues published by Akadémiai Kiadó for each title for the duration of the subscription, as well as Online First content for the subscribed content.
Purchase per Title Individual articles are sold on the displayed price.

Physiology International
Language English
Size B5
Year of
Foundation
2006 (1950)
Volumes
per Year
1
Issues
per Year
4
Founder Magyar Tudományos Akadémia
Founder's
Address
H-1051 Budapest, Hungary, Széchenyi István tér 9.
Publisher Akadémiai Kiadó
Publisher's
Address
H-1117 Budapest, Hungary 1516 Budapest, PO Box 245.
Responsible
Publisher
Chief Executive Officer, Akadémiai Kiadó
ISSN 2498-602X (Print)
ISSN 2677-0164 (Online)

Monthly Content Usage

Abstract Views Full Text Views PDF Downloads
Jun 2024 53 0 0
Jul 2024 32 0 0
Aug 2024 34 0 0
Sep 2024 64 0 0
Oct 2024 185 0 0
Nov 2024 76 0 0
Dec 2024 2 0 0