Several Hungarian and foreign researchers have already studied the cardiorespiratory parameters of elite handball players. There are only a few studies though, which would separately review the changes in the functions of different organ systems. The aim of this study is to investigate the effect of an intervention (physical activity) on the cardiorespiratory system. In this study, 16 elite female handball players participated, whose body compositions were measured and took two vita maxima tests. During the analysis, each cardiorespiratory parameter was monitored for every 20 s. Between the two examinations, 6 weeks passed and an intervention took place. There was a significant decrease in relative body fat and a significant increase in relative muscle mass. Remarkable positive changes occurred in the values of ventilation, oxygen pulse, and in both absolute and relative aerobic capacities as well. The mean values of the team developed as expected, but the individual changes in body composition and cardiorespiratory parameters are just as important. First, we chose four players, who had the most outstanding changes. Second, we analyzed such parameters, which were expected to show adequate results in terms of the apparatus(es) functioning.
Babraj JA , Vollaard NB , Keast C , Guppy FM , Cottrell G , Timmons JA : Extremely short duration high intensity interval training substantially improves insulin action in young healthy males. BMC Endocr. Disord. 9, 3 (2009)
Bajpeyi S , Tanner CJ , Slentz CA , Duscha BD , McCartney JS , Hickner RC , Kraus WE , Houmard JA : Effect of exercise intensity and volume on persistence of insulin sensitivity during training cessation. J. Appl. Physiol. 106, 1079–1085 (2009)
Bangsbo J : The physiology of soccer – with special references to intense intermittent exercise. Acta Physiol. Scand. Suppl. 619, 1–155 (1994)
Chaouachi A , Brughelli M , Levin G , Boudhina NB , Cronin J , Chamari K : Anthropometric, physiological and performance characteristics of elite team-handball players. J. Sports Sci. 27, 151–157 (2009)
Chelly MS , Hermassi S , Shephard RJ : Relationships between power and strength of the upper and lower limb muscles and throwing velocity in male handball players. J. Strength Cond. Res. 24, 1480–1487 (2010)
Davidsen PK , Gallagher IJ , Hartman JW , Tarnopolsky MA , Dela F , Helge JW , Timmons JA , Phillips SM : High responders to resistance exercise training demonstrate differential regulation of skeletal muscle microRNA expression. J. Appl. Physiol. 110, 309–317 (2011)
Fleck SJ , Smith S , Craib M , Denaham T , Snow RE , Mitchell ML : Upper extremity isokinetic torque and throwing velocity in team handball. J. Appl. Sport Sci. Res. 6, 120–124 (1992)
Frenkl R , Mészáros J , Petrekanits M , Farkas A , Mohácsi J , Szabó T : Aerobic power and anthropometric characteristics of Hungarian Schoolboys. Human Evol. 13, 97–105 (1998)
Gibala MJ , Little JP , van Essen M , Wilkin GP , Burgomaster KA , Safdar A , Raha S , Tarnopolsky MA : Short-term sprint interval versus traditional endurance training: similar initial adaptations in human skeletal muscle and exercise performance. J. Physiol. 575, 901–911 (2006)
Gorostiaga EM , Granados C , Ibanez J , Gonzalez-Badillo JJ , Izquierdo M : Effects of an entire season on physical fitness changes in elite male handball players. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc. 38, 357–366 (2006)
Gorostiaga EM , Granados C , Ibanez J , Izquierdo M : Differences in physical fitness and throwing velocity among elite and amateur male handball players. Int. J. Sports Med. 26, 225–232 (2005)
Granados C , Izquierdo M , Ibanez J , Bonnabau H , Gorostiaga EM : Differences in physical fitness and throwing velocity among elite and amateur female handball players. Int. J. Sports Med. 28, 860–867 (2007)
Hoff M , Almasbakk B : The effects of maximum strength training on throwing velocity and muscle strength in female team-handball players. J. Strength Cond. Res. 9, 255–258 (1995)
Hollowell RP , Willis LH , Slentz CA , Topping JD , Bhakpar M , Kraus WE : Effects of exercise training amount on physical activity energy expenditure. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc. 41, 1640–1644 (2009)
Howley ET , Basett DR Jr , Welch HG : Criteria for maximal oxygen uptake: review and commentary. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc. 9, 1292–1301 (1995)
Jacobs I , Westlin N , Rasmusson M , Houghton B : Muscle glycogen and diet in elite players. Eur. J. Appl. Physiol. 48, 297–302 (1982)
Michalsik LB , Aagaard P , Madsen K (2011): Match performance and physiological capacity of male elite team handball players. In: European Handball Federation Scientific Conference 2011 – Science and Analytical Expertise in Handball. Proceedings of the First International Conference on Science in Handball, European Handball Federation, Vienna, Austria, pp. 168–173. Available at: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/284190273_Match_Performance_and_Physiological_Capacity_of_Female_Elite_Team_Handball_Players
Mikkelsen F , Olesen MN (1976): Handball 82–84 (Traening af skudstyrken). Trygg-Hansa, Stockholm, pp. 40–70. Available at: http://www2.unavarra.es/gesadj/depCSalud/mikel_izquierdo/granadosIJSM2007.pdf
Moncef C , Said M , Olfa N , Dagbaji G : Influence of morphological characteristics on physical and physiological performances of Tunisian elite male handball players. Asian J. Sports Med. 3, 74–80 (2012)
Rakobowchuk M , Tanguay S , Burgomaster KA , Howarth KR , Gibala MJ , Macdonald MJ : Sprint interval and traditional endurance training induce similar improvements in peripheral arterial stiffness and flow mediated dilation in healthy humans. Am. J. Physiol. Regul. Integr. Comp. Physiol. 295, R236–R242 (2008)
Skoufas D , Kotzamanidis C , Hatzikotoylas K , Bebetsos G , Patikas D : The relationship between the anthropometric variables and the throwing performance in handball. J. Hum. Mov. Sci. 45, 469–484 (2003)
Van den Tillaar R : Effect of different training programs on the velocity of overarm throwing: a brief review. J. Strength Cond. Res. 18, 388–396 (2004)
Wallace MB , Cardinale M : Conditioning for team handball. Strength Cond. J. 19, 7–12 (1997)