The aim of this study was to compare the effects of 8 weeks of aerobic versus resistance training programs on serum fetuin-A, fetuin-B, and fibroblast growth factor-21 (FGF-21) levels in males with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Participants (n = 34) were randomly assigned to a resistance training group (RTG; n = 12), an aerobic training group (ATG; n = 11), or a control group (n = 11). The ATG completed 30–45 min of aerobic running training at 65%–75% of the maximum heart rate. The RTG completed three sets of 10 repetitions maximum of leg press, bench press, knee extension, seated cable row, knee flexion, military press, and calf rise. Blood samples were taken before and after the training period to assess dependent variables. After 8 weeks, both the ATG and the RTG reduced fetuin-A (p < 0.05) and fetuin-B (p < 0.05), but increased FGF-21 (p < 0.05). Moreover, the RTG showed greater decrease than the ATG in fetuin-A (−18.3% vs. −7.9%), fetuin-B (−29.2% vs. −11.45%), and a lower increase in FGF-21 (42.2% vs. 25.1%), respectively. Aerobic and resistance exercise training significantly decreased serum fetuin-A, and fetuin-B, and increased FGF-21 levels in males with type 2 diabetes mellitus. However, more significant alterations in serum factors were observed from resistance training. Thus, resistance training may be considered a more suitable training strategy.
Aagaard P , Simonsen EB , Andersen JL , Magnusson P , Dyhre-Poulsen P : Increased rate of force development and neural drive of human skeletal muscle following resistance training. J. Appl. Physiol. 93, 1318–1326 (2002)
Ahmadizad S , Haghighi AH , Hamedinia MR : Effects of resistance versus endurance training on serum adiponectin and insulin resistance index. Eur. J. Endocrinol. 157, 625–631 (2007)
Alam S , Stolinski M , Pentecost C , Boroujerdi MA , Jones RH , Sonksen PH , Umpleby AM : The effect of a six-month exercise program on very low-density lipoprotein apolipoprotein B secretion in type 2 diabetes. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 89, 688–691 (2004)
Albright A , Franz M , Hornsby G , Kiriska A , Marrero D , Urlich I , Verity LS : Exercise and type diabetes. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc. 32, 1345–1360 (2000)
Andersson A , Sjodin A , Olsson R , Vessby B : Effects of physical exercise on phospholipid fatty acid composition in skeletal muscle. Am. J. Physiol. 274, E432–E438 (1998)
Arora E , Shenoy S , Sandhu JS : Effects of resistance training on metabolic profile of adults with type 2 diabetes. Indian J. Med. Res. 129, 515–519 (2009)
Balducci S , Leonetti F , Di Mario U , Fallucca F : Is a long-term aerobic plus resistance training program feasible for and effective on metabolic profiles in type 2 diabetes patients? Diabetes Care 27, 841–842 (2004)
Castaneda C , Layne JE , Munoz-Orianz L : A randomized controlled trial of resistance exercise training to improve glycemic control in older adults with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care 25, 2535–2541 (2002)
Cauza E , Hanusch-Enserer U , Strasser B , Ludvik B , Metz-Schimmerl S , Pacini G , Wagner O , Georg P , Prager R , Kostner K , Dunky A , Haber P : The relative benefits of endurance and strength training on the metabolic factors and muscle function of people with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Arch. Phys. Med. Rehabil. 86, 1527–1533 (2005)
Cronin JB , Mcnair PJ , Marshall RN : Is velocity specific strength training important in improving functional performance? J. Sports Med. Phys. Fitness. 42, 267–273 (2002)
Dela F , Handberg A , Mikines KJ , Vinten J , Galbo H : GLUT4 and insulin receptor binding and kinase activity in trained human muscle. J. Physiol. 469, 615–624 (1993)
Dela F , Ploug T , Handberg A , Petersen LN , Larsen JJ , Mikines KJ , Galbo H : Physical training increases muscle GLUT4 protein and mRNA in patients with NIDDM. Diabetes 43, 862–865 (1994)
Dushay J , Chui PC , Gopalakrishnan GS , Varela-Rey M , Crawley M , Fisher FM , Badman MK , Martinez-Chantar ML , Maratos-Flier E : Increased fibroblast growth factor 21 in obesity and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Gastroenterology 139, 456–463 (2010)
Eston R , Reilly T (2009): Kinanthropometry and Exercise Physiology Laboratory Manual: Tests, Procedures and Data. Volume 1: Anthropometry. Routledge, London
Eves ND , Plotnikoff RC : Resistance training and type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care. 29, 1933–1941 (2006)
Fazeli PK , Lun M , Kim SM , Bredella MA , Wright S , Zhang Y , Lee H , Catana C , Klibanski A , Patwari P , Steinhauser ML : FGF21 and the late adaptive response to starvation in humans. J. Clin. Invest. 125, 4601–4611 (2015)
Hanson P (1984): Clinical exercise training. In: Sport Medicine, ed Strauss R, W.B. Saunders Company, Philadelphia, PA, pp. 13–40
Honig CR , Connett RJ , Gayeski TE : O2 transport and its interaction with metabolism; a systems view of aerobic capacity. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc. 24, 47–53 (1992)
Irvine C , Taylor NF : Progressive resistance exercise improves glycemic control in people with type 2 diabetes mellitus: a systemic review. Aust. J. Physiother. 55, 237–246 (2009)
Ivy JL , Zderic TW , Fogt DL : Prevention and treatment of non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. Exerc. Sport Sci. Rev. 27, 1–35 (1999)
Jackson AS , Pollock ML : Practical assessment of body composition. Phys. Sportsmed. 13, 82–90 (1985)
Jung TW , Youn BS , Choi HY , Lee SY , Hong HC , Yang SJ , Yoo HJ , Kim BH , Baik SH , Choi KM : Salsalate and adiponectin ameliorate hepatic steatosis by inhibition of the hepatokine fetuin-A. Biochem. Pharmacol. 86, 960–969 (2013)
Kelly GA , Kelly KS : Effects of aerobic exercise on lipids and lipoproteins in adults with type 2 diabetes: a meta-analysis of randomized-controlled trials. Public Health 12, 643–655 (2007)
Kenney WL , Wilmore JH , Costill DL (2015): Physiology of Sport and Exercise (6th ed.), Human Kinetics, Champaign, IL
Kim SH , Kim KH , Kim HK , Kim MJ , Back SH , Konishi M , Itoh N , Lee MS : Fibroblast growth factor 21 participates in adaptation to endoplasmic reticulum stress and attenuates obesity-induced hepatic metabolic stress. Diabetologia 58, 809–818 (2015)
Kraemer WJ , Fry AC (1995): Strength testing: development and evaluation of methodology. In: Physiological Assessment of Humane Fitness, eds Maud PJ, Foster C, Human Kinetics, Champaign, IL, pp. 115–138
Lee S , Norheim F , Gulseth HL , Langleite TM , Kolnes KJ , Tangen DS , Stadheim HK , Gilfillan GD , Holen T , Birkeland KI , Jensen J , Drevon CA : Interaction between plasma fetuin-A and free fatty acids predicts changes in insulin sensitivity in response to long-term exercise. Physiol. Rep. 5, e13183 (2017)
Marcell TJ , MCAuley KA , Traustadottir T , Reaven PD : Exercise training is not associated with improved levels of C-reactive protein or adiponectin. Metab. Clin. Exp. 54, 533–541 (2005)
Marcus RL , Smith S , Morrell G , Addison O , Dibble LE , Wahoff-Stice D , LaStayo PC : Comparison of combined aerobic and high- force eccentric resistance exercise with aerobic exercise only for people with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Phys. Ther. 88, 1345–1354 (2008)
Marwick TH , Hordern MD , Miller T , Chyun DA , Bertoni AG , Blumenthal RS , Philippides G , Rocchini A : Exercise training for type 2 diabetes mellitus: impact on cardiovascular risk circulation. Circulation 119, 3344–3262 (2009)
Matthews DR , Hosker JP , Rudenski AS , Naylor BA , Treacher DF , Turner RC : Homeostasis model assessment: insulin resistance and beta-cell function from fasting plasma glucose and insulin concentrations in man. Diabetologia 28, 412–419 (1985)
Mori K , Emoto M , Yokoyama H , Araki T , Teramura M , Koyama H , Shoji T , Inaba M , Nishizawa Y : Association of serum fetuin-A with insulin resistance in type 2 diabetic and nondiabetic subjects. Diabetes Care 29, 468 (2006)
Nordlie RC , Foster JD , Lange AJ : Regulation of glucose production by the liver. Annu. Rev. Nutr. 19, 379–406 (1999)
Praet SFE , van Loon LGC : Optimizing the therapeutic benefits exercise in type 2 diabetes. J. Appl. Physiol. 103, 1113–1120 (2007)
Rauth G , Pöschke O , Fink E , Eulitz M , Tippmer S , Kellerer M , Häring HU , Nawratil P , Haasemann M , Jahnen-Dechent W , Müller-Esterl W : The nucleotide and partial amino acid sequences of rat fetuin. Identity with the natural tyrosine kinase inhibitor of the rat insulin receptor. Eur. J. Biochem. 204, 523–529 (1992)
Reinehr T , Roth CL : Fetuin-A and its relation to metabolic syndrome and fatty liver disease in obese children before and after weight loss. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 93, 4479–4485 (2008)
Shenoy S , Arova E , Jaspal S : Effects of progressive resistance training and aerobic exercise onT2DM in Indian population. Int. J. Diabetes Metab. 17, 27–30 (2009)
Sigal RJ , Kenny GP : Combined aerobic and resistance exercise for patients with type 2 diabetes. JAMA 304, 2298–2299 (2010)
Sigal RJ , Kenny GP , Boule NG , Wells GA , Prud’homme D , Fortier M , Reid RD , Tulloch H , Coyle D , Phillips P , Jennings A , Jaffey J : Effects of aerobic training, resistance training, or both on glycemic control in type 2 diabetes. Ann. Intern. Med. 147, 357–369 (2007)
Yatagai T , Nishida Y , Nagasaka S , Nakamura T , Tokuyama K , Shindo M , Tanaka H , Ishibashi S : Relationship between exercise training-induced increase in insulin sensitivity and adiponectinemia in healthy men. Endocr. J. 50, 233–238 (2003)