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Sándor Kele
Sándor Kele
Institute for Geochemical Research, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
H-1112, Budapest, Budaörsi u. 45, Hungary
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H-1112, Budapest, Budaörsi u. 45, Hungary
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Gyula Scheuer
Gyula Scheuer
Budapest, Hungary
H-1126, Budapest, Szendrő u. 6, Hungary
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H-1126, Budapest, Szendrő u. 6, Hungary
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Attila Demény
Attila Demény
Institute for Geochemical Research, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
H-1112, Budapest, Budaörsi u. 45, Hungary
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H-1112, Budapest, Budaörsi u. 45, Hungary
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Chuan-Cou Shen
Chuan-Cou Shen
Department of Geosciences, National Taiwan University, Taipei
No. 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Road, Taipei, Taiwan, 106
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No. 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Road, Taipei, Taiwan, 106
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Hong-Wei Chiang
Hong-Wei Chiang
Department of Geosciences, National Taiwan University, Taipei
No. 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Road, Taipei, Taiwan, 106
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No. 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Road, Taipei, Taiwan, 106
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Abstract
Travertine is quite a common formation in the area of Budapest (Hungary) indicating strong hydrothermal activity during the Pliocene and Quaternary. It covers former terraces of the Danube River and older geomorphologic horizons; thus, it is an important archive to date fluvial terraces and tectonic movements. Despite numerous investigations performed on these deposits, only few radiometric data are available so far and the absence of the exact timing information hindered paleoclimatic interpretation. The area of Gellért Hill consists mainly of Upper Triassic dolomite, but Quaternary travertine can also be found. In this study a detailed petrographic and stable isotope geochemical study of four travertine sites (1. Ifjúsági Park; 2. Számadó u. (Street); 3. Kelenhegyi u. (Street); 4. Somlói u. (Street)) of the Gellért Hill area is presented, along with analyses on the recent carbonate deposits of Gellért Hill and Sárosfürdő. The travertine of Ifjúsági Park and Számadó u. are spring cone deposits, while the travertine of the Kelenhegyi u. represents a shallow-water depositional environment. Based on the paleontological studies of Jánossy (in Scheuer and Schweitzer, 1988) the Gellért Hill travertine was thought to have been formed during the Lower Pleistocene; however, no radiometric age dating had been performed on these deposits prior our study. Our U/Th analyses yielded ages of 250±44 ky for the Ifjúsági Park travertine (220 m asl) and 180±49 ky for the Számadó u. travertine (195 m asl). These new U/Th ages are in contradiction with the previously assumed Lower Pleistocene age, implying gradual relative decrease in the paleokarst water-level and proving that the elevation of the individual travertine deposits not necessarily show their relative age. The uplift rates of Gellért Hill calculated from the U/Th age data and elevation of travertine occurrences range between 0.47 and 0.52 mm/yr, which is significantly higher than the uplift rates calculated for the Rózsadomb area (0.20 0.25 mm/yr; Kele et al., submitted). The difference in the incision rates between the individual sub-areas suggests that selective uplift was characteristic for the Buda Hills during the Middle Pleistocene; thus, up-scaling reconstruction of paleokarst waterlevel for the whole area from a given locality is not possible.
Oxygen isotope analyses of recent carbonate deposits of Gellért Hill, Sárosfürdő and Rudas Spa revealed that these calcites precipitated under non-equilibrium conditions, and the measured calcitewater oxygen isotope fractionation show the same positive shift relative to “equilibrium values” as was observed in the case of the recently-forming Egerszalók travertine (Kele et al. 2008). Assuming that the water of the paleo-springs of Gellért Hill derived from precipitation infiltrated during interstadial periods of the Pleistocene and considering non-equilibrium deposition (i.e. using the empirical calcite-water oxygen isotope fractionation of Kele et al. 2008), their calculated paleotemperature could range between 22 (±4) °C and 49 (±6) °C. Based on the δ18Otravertine differences the Ifjúsági Park and the Számadó u. spring cone type travertine was deposited from the highest temperature water, while from the lowest temperature water the travertine of Kelenhegyi u. was formed.
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