Grapevine (Vitis vinifera L.) shows morphological plasticity influenced by environmental factors such as radiation and temperature. The effect of row orientation, exposition of leaves and orchard altitude on leaf morphological traits was evaluated. Grapevine cultivar ‘Furmint’ was investigated in this study with the new version of the GRA.LE.D. raster graphic software. The standard OIV (International Organization of Vine and Wine) descriptors were used with additional size parameters. High morphological variability was observed among the leaves collected from 4 different row orientations and 5 levels of expositions. Exposition levels were assigned according to the estimated total radiation collected by leaves at their position. Selected parameters also responded sensitively to changing elevation in the range of 110–289 m. According to the results, traditional leaf morphological investigations performed with machine vision systems may be recommended to reveal significant ecological factors on ampelometric traits.
Alessandri, S., Vignozzi, N., Vignini, A. (1996) AmpeloCADs (Ampelographic Computer-Aided Digitizing System). An integrated system to digitize and process biometrical data from Vitis spp. leaves. Am. J. Enol. Vitic. 47(3): 257–267.
Vignini A. , 'AmpeloCADs (Ampelographic Computer-Aided Digitizing System). An integrated system to digitize and process biometrical data from Vitis spp. leaves ' (1996 ) 47 Am. J. Enol. Vitic. : 257 -267 .
Alves, F., Edlmann, M., Costa, J., Costa, P., da Costa, P.L., Symington, C. (2012) Effects of rootstock and environment on the behaviour of autochthone grapevine varieties in the Douro region. IXth International Terroirs Congress 25–29 June 2012, Dijon-Reims, France, Vol. 1, Session 5-13.
Symington C. , '', in Effects of rootstock and environment on the behaviour of autochthone grapevine varieties in the Douro region , (2012 ) -.
Barth, S., Forneck, A., Verzeletti, F., Blaich, R., Schumann, F. (2009) Genotypes and phenotypes of an ex situ Vitis vinifera ssp. sylvestris (Gmel.) Beger germplasm collection from the Upper Rhine Valley. Genet. Resour. Crop. Evol. 56(8): 1171–1181.
Schumann F. , 'Genotypes and phenotypes of an ex situ Vitis vinifera ssp. sylvestris (Gmel.) Beger germplasm collection from the Upper Rhine Valley ' (2009 ) 56 Genet. Resour. Crop. Evol. : 1171 -1181 .
Bešlić, Z., Todić, S., Rakonjac, V. (2005) Inheritance of some morphological traits in hybridization of grapevine cultivars Drenak crveni and Afuz-Ali. Genetika 37(2):137–144.
Rakonjac V. , 'Inheritance of some morphological traits in hybridization of grapevine cultivars Drenak crveni and Afuz-Ali ' (2005 ) 37 Genetika : 137 -144 .
Bodor, P., Baranyai, L., Bálo, B., Tóth, E., Strever, A., Hunter, J.J., Bisztray, Gy.D. (2012) GRA.LE.D. (GRApevine LEaf Digitalization) software for the detection and graphic reconstruction of ampelometric differences between Vitis leaves. S. Afr. J. Enol. Vitic. 33(1): 1–6.
Bisztray Gy.D. , 'GRA.LE.D. (GRApevine LEaf Digitalization) software for the detection and graphic reconstruction of ampelometric differences between Vitis leaves ' (2012 ) 33 S. Afr. J. Enol. Vitic. : 1 -6 .
Bodor, P., Baranyai, L., Ladányi, M., Bálo, B., Strever, A.E., Bisztray, Gy.D., Hunter J.J. (2013) Stability of ampelometric characteristics of Vitis vinifera L. cv. ‘syrah’ and ‘sauvignon blanc’ leaves: Impact of within-vineyard variability and pruning method/bud load. S. Afr. J. Enol. Vitic. 34(1): 129–137.
Hunter J.J. , 'Stability of ampelometric characteristics of Vitis vinifera L. cv. ‘syrah’ and ‘sauvignon blanc’ leaves: Impact of within-vineyard variability and pruning method/bud load ' (2013 ) 34 S. Afr. J. Enol. Vitic. : 129 -137 .
Bonan, G. (2008) Ecological climatology: Concepts and applications. 2nd Edition. Cambridge University Press, 550 p.
Bonan G. , '', in Ecological climatology: Concepts and applications , (2008 ) -.
Boso, S., Santiago J.L., Vilanova M., Martinez M.C. (2005) Caractéristiques ampélographiques et agronomiques de différents clones du cultivar Albariño (Vitis vinifera L.) In: Bulletin de l’ O.I.V. n 889–890, p. 143–158.
Martinez M.C. , '', in Bulletin de l’ O.I.V. , (2005 ) -.
Chitwood, D.H., Ranjan, A., Martinez, C.C., Headland, L.R., Thiem, T., Kumar, R., Covington, M.F., Hatcher, T., Naylor, D.T., Zimmerman, S., Downs, N., Raymundo, N., Buckler, E.S., Maloof, J.N., Aradhya, M., Prins, B., Li, L., Myles, S., Sinha, N.R. (2014) A modern ampelography: A genetic basis for leaf shape and venation patterning in grape. Plant Physiology 164(1): 259–272.
Sinha N.R. , 'A modern ampelography: A genetic basis for leaf shape and venation patterning in grape ' (2014 ) 164 Plant Physiology : 259 -272 .
Cousins, P., Prins, B. (2008) Vitis shoots show reversible change in leaf shape along the shoot axis. Proceedings of the 2nd Annual National Viticulture Research Conference, 9–11 July 2008, University of California, Davis.
Prins B. , '', in Proceedings of the 2nd Annual National Viticulture Research Conference , (2008 ) -.
Ekhvaia, J., Akhalkatsi, M. (2010) Morphological variation and relationship of Georgian populations of Vitis vinifera L. subsp. sylvestris (C.C. Gmel.) Hegi. Flora. 205(9): 608–617.
Akhalkatsi M. , 'Morphological variation and relationship of Georgian populations of Vitis vinifera L. subsp. sylvestris (C.C. Gmel.) ' (2010 ) 205 Hegi. Flora. : 608 -617 .
Galet, P. (trans. Morton L.) (1979) A practical ampelography: Grapevine identification. Cornell University Press (English translation).
Galet P. , '', in A practical ampelography: Grapevine identification , (1979 ) -.
Goethe, H. (1887) Handbuch der ampelographie. Graz. 280 p.
Goethe H. , '', in Handbuch der ampelographie , (1887 ) -.
Guerin, G.R., Wen, H., Lowe, A. J. (2012) Leaf morphology shift linked to climate change. Biological Letters10.1098/rsbl.2012.0458
Lowe A. J. , '', in Biological Letters , (2012 ) -.
Hunter, J.J., Archer, E., Volschenk, C.G. (2010) Vineyard management for environment valorisation. Proceedings VIIIth International Zoning Terroir Congress,14–18 June 2010, Soave, Italy.
Volschenk C.G. , '', in Proceedings VIIIth International Zoning Terroir Congress , (2010 ) -.
Keller, M. (2010) The science of grapevines. Anatomy and physiology. Academic Press. 400 p.
Keller M. , '', in The science of grapevines. Anatomy and physiology , (2010 ) -.
Laiadi, Z., Bencharif, S., Lakhrif, Z., Bentchikou, M.M., Mohand-Larbi, R. (2013) First ampelometric study of autochthonous grapevines in Algeria: Germplasm collection of Mascara. Vitis 52: 21–27.
Mohand-Larbi R. , 'First ampelometric study of autochthonous grapevines in Algeria: Germplasm collection of Mascara ' (2013 ) 52 Vitis : 21 -27 .
Leroy, S.A.G., Roiron, P. (1996) Latest Pliocene pollen and leaf floras Bernasso paleolake (Escandorgue Massif, Hérault, France). Rev. Palaeobot. Palyno. 94: 295–328.
Roiron P. , 'Latest Pliocene pollen and leaf floras Bernasso paleolake (Escandorgue Massif, Hérault, France) ' (1996 ) 94 Rev. Palaeobot. Palyno. : 295 -328 .
Li, C., Zhang, X., Liu, X., Luukkanen, O., Berninger, F. (2006) Leaf morphological and physiological responses of Quercus aquifolioides along an altitudinal gradient. Silva Fennica 40(1): 5–13.
Berninger F. , 'Leaf morphological and physiological responses of Quercus aquifolioides along an altitudinal gradient ' (2006 ) 40 Silva Fennica : 5 -13 .
Martí, C., Casanova, J., Montaner, C., Badia, D. (2006) Ampelometric study of mature leaves from two indigenous Vitis cultivars grown in Somontano de Barbastro. J. Wine Res. 17(3): 185–194.
Badia D. , 'Ampelometric study of mature leaves from two indigenous Vitis cultivars grown in Somontano de Barbastro ' (2006 ) 17 J. Wine Res. : 185 -194 .
Martinez, M.C., Grenan, S. (1999) A graphic reconstruction method of an average vine leaf. Agronomie 19(6): 491–507.
Grenan S. , 'A graphic reconstruction method of an average vine leaf ' (1999 ) 19 Agronomie : 491 -507 .
Naylor, A.P., Creasy, G.L., Trough, M.C.T., van Hanen, L. (2000) The effect of row orientation and fruit exposure on the juice composition of Sauvignon blanc (Vitis vinifera L.). Proceedings of the Fifth International Symposium on Cool Climate Viticulture and Oenology, 16–20 January 2000, Melbourne, Australia.
van Hanen L. , '', in Proceedings of the Fifth International Symposium on Cool Climate Viticulture and Oenology , (2000 ) -.
Németh, M. (1967) Ampelográfiai album. Termesztett borszőlőfajták 1. Mezőgazdasági Kiadó, Budapest.
Németh M. , '', in Ampelográfiai album. Termesztett borszőlőfajták 1 , (1967 ) -.
OIV (2009) Descriptor list for grapevine varieties and vitis species. Intergovermental organisation created by the International Agreement of 3 April 2001, Paris. http://www.oiv.int
'', in Descriptor list for grapevine varieties and vitis species , (2009 ) -.
R Core Team (2014). R: A language and environment for statistical computing. R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna, Austria. URL: http://www.R-project.org/
'', in R: A language and environment for statistical computing , (2014 ) -.
Ravaz, L. (1902) Les Vignes Americaines: Porte-Greffes et Producteurs Directs (Caracteres. Aptitudes). Coulet et Fils (Montpellier).
Ravaz L. , '', in Les Vignes Americaines: Porte-Greffes et Producteurs Directs (Caracteres. Aptitudes) , (1902 ) -.
Royer, D.L., Meyerson, L.A., Robertson, K.M., Adams, J.M. (2009) Phenotypic plasticity of leaf shape along a temperature gradient in Acer rubrum. PLoS ONE 4(10): e7653.
Adams J.M. , 'Phenotypic plasticity of leaf shape along a temperature gradient in Acer rubrum ' (2009 ) 4 PLoS ONE : e7653 -.
Royer, D.L. (2012): Leaf shape respond to temperature but not CO2 in Acer rubrum. PLoS ONE 7(11): e49559.
Royer D.L. , 'Leaf shape respond to temperature but not CO2 in Acer rubrum ' (2012 ) 7 PLoS ONE : e49559 -.
Santiago, J. Boso, S., Gago, P., Alonso-Villaverde, V., Martínez, M.C. (2007) Molecular and ampelographic characterization of Vitis vinifera L. ‘Albarino’, ‘savagnin Blanc’ and ‘Caino Blanco’ shows that they are different cultivars. Span. J. Agric. Res. 5: 333–340.
Martínez M.C. , 'Molecular and ampelographic characterization of Vitis vinifera L. ‘Albarino’, ‘savagnin Blanc’ and ‘Caino Blanco’ shows that they are different cultivars ' (2007 ) 5 Span. J. Agric. Res. : 333 -340 .
Savage, S.D., Sall, M.A. (1984) Botrytis bunch rot of grapes: Influence of trellis type and canopy microclimate. Phytopathology 74(1): 65–70.
Sall M.A. , 'Botrytis bunch rot of grapes: Influence of trellis type and canopy microclimate ' (1984 ) 74 Phytopathology : 65 -70 .
Sipiczki, M., Csoma, H., Antunovics, Zs., Pfliegler, W. (2010): Biodiversity in yeast populations associated with botrytised wine making. Mitteilungen Klosterneuborg 60: 387–394.
Pfliegler W. , 'Biodiversity in yeast populations associated with botrytised wine making ' (2010 ) 60 Mitteilungen Klosterneuborg : 387 -394 .
Slimane, M. H-B., Snoussi, H., Bouhlal, R. Nahdi, H. (2010) Ampelometry to test for genetic diversity in Tunisian Vitis sylvestris. African J. Plant Sci. Biotec. 4(Special issue 2): 17–22.
Nahdi H. , 'Ampelometry to test for genetic diversity in Tunisian Vitis sylvestris ' (2010 ) 4 African J. Plant Sci. Biotec. : 17 -22 .
Smart, R. (1985) Principles of grapevine canopy microclimate manipulation with implications for yield quality: a review. Am. J. Enol. Vitic. 35: 230–239.
Smart R. , 'Principles of grapevine canopy microclimate manipulation with implications for yield quality: a review ' (1985 ) 35 Am. J. Enol. Vitic. : 230 -239 .
Soldavini, C., Schneider, A., Stefanini, M., Dallaserra, M., Policarpo, M. (2007) Superampelo — a software for ampelometric and ampelographic descriptions in Vitis. Acta Hort. (ISHS) 827: 253–257.
Policarpo M. , 'Superampelo — a software for ampelometric and ampelographic descriptions in Vitis ' (2007 ) 827 Acta Hort. (ISHS) : 253 -257 .
Tarara, J.M., Ferguson, J.C., Hoheisel, G.-A., Perez Peña, J.E. (2005): Asymmetrical canopy architecture due to prevailing wind direction and row orientation creates an imbalance in irradiance at fruit zone of grapevine. Agr. Forest Meteorol. 135: 144–155.
Perez Peña J.E. , 'Asymmetrical canopy architecture due to prevailing wind direction and row orientation creates an imbalance in irradiance at fruit zone of grapevine ' (2005 ) 135 Agr. Forest Meteorol. : 144 -155 .
Traiser, C., Klotz, S., Uhl, D., Mosbrugger, V. (2005): Environmental signals from leaves — a physiognomic analysis of European vegetation. New Phytologist 166: 465–484.
Mosbrugger V. , 'Environmental signals from leaves — a physiognomic analysis of European vegetation ' (2005 ) 166 New Phytologist : 465 -484 .
VIVC (Vitis International Variety Catalogue): www.vivc.de
Wilf, P. (1997) When are leaves good thermometers?: A new case for Leaf Margin Analysis: Paleobiology 23: 373–390.
Wilf P. , 'When are leaves good thermometers?: A new case for Leaf Margin Analysis ' (1997 ) 23 Paleobiology : 373 -390 .
Xu, F., Guo, W., Xu, W., Wang, R. (2008) Habitat effects on leaf morphological plasticity in Quercus acutissima. Acta Biol. Cracov. Bot. 50(2): 19–26.
Wang R. , 'Habitat effects on leaf morphological plasticity in Quercus acutissima ' (2008 ) 50 Acta Biol. Cracov. Bot. : 19 -26 .