Using finite element methods, residual stresses were estimated in pipe welds. Experiments were also conducted to verify the numerical results. An alternative to a three-dimensional model was used to simplify the numerical calculation for residual stresses investigation. Model predictions were validated by measuring residual stresses using X-ray diffraction. As compared to measured residual stress distributions, the computational approaches developed in this study can accurately predict welding residual stress distributions. The focused welding parameters have a significant impact on residual stresses even when all the other parameters are the same.
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