Architecture has evolved to address challenges, giving rise to new concepts. Today, global warming is a critical challenge mainly due to greenhouse gas emissions from energy-intensive buildings. The construction industry, primarily focused on housing, is both a culprit and a potential solution. This exploration delves into sustainable housing development, recognizing its pivotal role in mitigating environmental impact. The objective is to devise a model encompassing environmental, social, and economic sustainability. The proposed solution involves creating a net-zero energy community, addressing the surging growth of urban areas, and escalating greenhouse gas emissions. Emphasizing sustainability as a lifestyle, this approach aims to mitigate the construction industry's impact on global warming.
G. Feulner, “Global challenges: Climate change,” Glob. Challenges, vol. 1, no. 1, pp. 5–6, 2017.
F. D. Santos, P. L. Ferreira, and J. S. T. Pedersen, “The climate change challenge: A review of the barriers and solutions to deliver a Paris solution,” Climate, vol. 10, no. 5, 2022, Art no. 75.
D. Bozsaky and R. Ábrahám-Horváth, “Laboratory tests on properties of innovative natural thermal insulation material,” Pollack Period., vol. 18, no. 2, pp. 125–130, 2023.
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, “Climate change: The IPCC 1990 and 1992 assessments,” United Nations Environmental Programme, 1992.
M. Lynas, Z. B. Houlton, and S. Perry, “Greater than 99% consensus on human caused climate change in the peer-reviewed scientific literature,” Environ. Res. Lett., vol. 16, no. 11, 2021, Art no. 114005.
L. Zixin, G. Várady, and M. B. Zagorácz, “Application of visual simulation in the activation of historical district,” Pollack Period., vol. 17, no. 2, pp. 168–174, 2022.
M. Thorne, “Cities of the future: Challenges of architecture and design,” 2017. [Online]. Available: https://www.ie.edu/insights/articles/cities-of-the-future-challenges-of-architecture-and-design/. Accessed: Oct. 19, 2023.
M. Rashani and A. Mahdavi, “Calibration of energy simulation model for three buildings in Kosovo,” Pollack Period., vol. 16, no. 3, pp. 120–126, 2021.
United Nations Human Settlements Programme, “UN-habitat signs open letter to urban policymakers calling for urgent action to limit global warming,” 2018. [Online]. Available: https://unhabitat.org/un-habitat-signs-open-letter-to-urban-policymakers-calling-for-urgent-action-to-limit-global-warming. Accessed: Nov. 6, 2023.
United Nations, “What is climate change?” 2021. [Online]. Available: https://www.un.org/en/climatechange/what-is-climate-change. Accessed: Nov. 6, 2023.
NASA, “The causes of climate change,” 2024. [Online]. Available: https://climate.nasa.gov/causes/. Accessed: June 20, 2023.
European Environment Agency, “Increasingly severe consequences of climate change (GMT 9),” 2015. [Online]. Available: https://www.eea.europa.eu/soer/2015/global/climate. Accessed: May 3, 2024.
The Global Commission on the Economy and Climate, “Unlocking the inclusive growth story of the 21st century: Accelerating climate action in urgent times,” 2018. [Online]. Available: https://newclimateeconomy.report/2018/wp-content/uploads/sites/6/2018/09/NCE_2018_FULL-REPORT.pdf. Accessed: Nov. 6, 2023.
A. Ford, R. Dawson, P. Blythe, and S. Barr, “Land-use transport models for climate change mitigation and adaptation planning,” J. Trans. Land Use, vol. 11, no. 1, pp. 83–101, 2018.
United Nations, “Climate action fast facts,” 2020. [Online]. Available: https://www.un.org/en/climatechange/science/key-findings. Accessed: June 19, 2023.
M. Porhinčák, A. Eštoková, and S. Vilčeková, “Comparison of environmental impact of building materials of three residential buildings,” Pollack Period., vol. 6, no. 3, pp. 53–62, 2011.
Architecture 2030, “Why the built environment?” 2023. [Online]. Available: https://architecture2030.org/why-the-building-sector/. Accessed: Apr. 21, 2024.
B. Sizirici, Y. Fseha, C. S. Cho, I. Yildiz, and Y.-J. Byon, “A review of carbon footprint reduction in construction industry, from design to operation,” Materials, vol. 14, no. 20, 2021, Art no. 6094.
I. Muñiz and V. Sánchez, “Urban spatial form and structure and greenhouse-gas emissions from commuting in the metropolitan zone of Mexico Valley,” Ecol. Econ., vol. 147, pp. 353–364, 2018.
H. Ritchie, V. Samborska, and M. Roser, “Urbanization,” Our world in data, 2018. [Online]. Available: https://ourworldindata.org/urbanization. Accessed: Apr. 21, 2024.
United Nations Human Settlements Programme, “The climate is changing, so must our homes & how we build them,” 2019. [Online]. Available: https://unhabitat.org/news/23-sep-2019/the-climate-is-changing-so-must-our-homes-how-we-build-them. Accessed: Apr. 21, 2024.
United Nations, “Affordable housing key for development and social equality, UN says on World Habitat Day,” 2017. [Online]. Available: https://news.un.org/en/story/2017/10/567552. Accessed: Apr. 21, 2024.
The United Nations Environment Programme, “The six-sector solution to the climate crisis,” 2020. [Online]. Available: https://www.unep.org/news-and-stories/video/six-sector-solution-climate-crisis#:∼:text=By%202030%20buildings%20will%20account,private%20sector%20and%20the%20public. Accessed: Feb. 26, 2024.
C. R. Iddon and S. K. Firth, “Embodied and operational energy for new-build housing: A case study of construction methods in the UK,” Energy and Buildings, vol. 67, pp. 479–488, 2013.
L. Persson, “A comparison between embodied and operational carbon in a building envelope from a life cycle perspective,” Degree project in energy technology, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden, 2022.
V. Nushi, S. Nixha, and R. Basha, “The importance of sustainable construction assessment for the development of modern education in Kosovo,” in Proceedings on Central Europe Towards Sustainable Building 2013: Sustainable Building and Refurbishment for Next Generations. Prague: Slovak Republic, June 26–28, 2013, pp. 1–4.
IEA50, “Buildings,” 2023. [Online]. Available: https://www.iea.org/energy-system/buildings. Accessed: May 5, 2024.
United Nations, “For a livable climate: Net-zero commitments must be backed by credible action,” 2021. [Online]. Available: https://www.un.org/en/climatechange/net-zero-coalition. Accessed: June 21, 2023.
C. W. Shyu, “Development of Taiwanese government′s climate policy after the Kyoto protocol: Applying policy network theory as an analytical framework,” Energy Policy, vol. 69, pp. 334–346, 2014.
R. J. Klein, E. L. F. Schipper, and S. Dessai, “Integrating mitigation and adaptation into climate and development policy: three research questions,” Environ. Sci. Policy, vol. 8, no. 6, pp. 579–588, 2005.
D. R. Rondinel-Oviedo and N. Keena, “Embodied carbon: A call to the building industry,” IOP Conf. Ser. Earth Environ. Sci., vol. 1122, 2020, Art no. 012042.
L. Williams and L. Williams, “Net zero buildings: the future of construction?” 2022. [Online]. Available: https://eandt.theiet.org/content/articles/2022/11/net-zero-buildings-the-future-of-construction/. Accessed: June 23, 2023.
A. Kallushi, J. P. Harris, J. Miller, M. Johnston, and A. Ream, “Think Bigger: Net-Zero Communities,” 2012. [Online]. Available: https://www.ase.org/sites/ase.org/files/net-zero-communities.pdf. Accessed: Feb. 7, 2024.
N. D. Estika, Y. Kusuma, D. R. Prameswari, and I. Sudradjat, “The hedonistic sustainability concept in the works of Bjarke Ingels,” Jurnal Teknik Arsitektur, vol. 5, no. 3, pp. 339–346, 2020.
L. Wu, N. Subramanian, M. D. Abdulrahman, C. Liu, and K. S. Pawar, “Short-term versus long-term benefits: balanced sustainability framework and research propositions,” Sustain. Prod. Consum., vol. 11, pp. 18–30, 2016.
J. Farkas, “Crafts revival in ecovillages,” Acta Ethnographica Hungarica, vol. 66, no. 2, pp. 383–402, 2023.
“The Economics of Climate,” Finance and Development, A Quarterly Publication of the International Monetary Fund, 2020. [Online]. Available: https://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/fandd/2019/12/pdf/fd1219.pdf. Accessed: June 20 2023.
A. Babos, J. Szabó, A. Orbán, and B. Melinda, “Sharing-based co-housing categorization. A structural overview of the terms and characteristics used in urban co-housing,” Építés - Építészettudomány, vol. 48, nos 3–4, pp. 331–355, 2020.
R. Basha, “Barrier-free park in Prizren – visioning workshop involving persons with disability and the elderly,” Pollack Period., vol. 13, no. 2, pp. 237–248, 2018.