A vas minden élő organizmus számára nélkülözhetetlen, ugyanakkor a fölöslegben lévő aktív vas veszélyes, hiszen szabad gyökök képződését katalizálhatja. Ezért a vas abszorpciója szigorúan szabályozott folyamat, melynek eredménye a vasvesztés és a vasfelvétel egyensúlya. Azokban az országokban, ahol az étkezéssel a hemvas bevitele jelentős, a szervezet vastartalmának nagy része hemből származik. A táplálékkal bevitt hemet a vékonybél enterocyta sejtjei intakt formában receptormediált módon abszorbeálják, majd hem-oxigenáz katalizálta reakcióban degradálják, így a vas transzferrinhez kötve hagyja el az enterocytát. A hem számos protein prosztetikus csoportja, így minden sejtünk szintetizálja. Mennyiségét tekintve a legjelentősebb hemprotein a hemoglobin, mely a vörösvértestekben az oxigén transzportját végzi. A vörösvértestek hemolízise során szabaddá váló hemoglobin specifikusan vagy aspecifikusan plazmaproteinekhez kötődik, és receptormediált úton felvételre kerül, majd degradálódik. A hemoglobinmolekula szerkezeti felépítése megnehezíti, de teljes mértékben nem akadályozza meg a hemoglobin (ferro) oxidációját methemoglobinná (ferri). A reakcióban szuperoxidgyök-anion is képződik, mely további szabad gyökös reakciókaszkádokat indít el. A képződött methemoglobin a hemet nem köti olyan szorosan, mint a hemoglobin, így az oxidáció következménye szabad hem képződése. A hem a plazmaprotein hemopexinhez kötődik, és receptormediált úton a sejtek által felvételre kerül, majd a hem-oxigenázok által katalizált reakcióban degradálódik. A hem ezenkívül a plazma lipoproteinjeihez, valamint az endothelium lipidmembránjához is kapcsolódhat, aminek következtében az LDL oxidálódik, illetve az endothelium oxidatív stresszre érzékenyebbé válik. A jelen összefoglaló célja a hemmel kapcsolatos folyamatok áttekintése.
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